[CI][Debian] Use Debian 12 because Debian 11 will reach EOL on 2024-07

### Describe the enhancement requested

https://wiki.debian.org/DebianReleases

| Version | Code name | Release date | End of life data |
|--------|--------|--------|--------|
| 11 | Bullseye | 2021-08-14 | ~2024-07 |


### Component(s)

Continuous Integration