[C++][FS][Azure] Implement `PathFromUri` support

[OliLay]

Describe the enhancement requested

Other filesystems, such as e.g. S3, implement the virtual PathFromUri method. For the respective S3 implementation, see here.
For the Azure file system, this method is currently not implemented while it certainly should be to comply with the file system API.

Component(s)

C++

[kou]

Issue resolved by pull request 43098
#43098