[C++] Update bundled Thrift

[kou]

Describe the enhancement requested

0.22.0 has been released: https://github.com/apache/thrift/releases/tag/v0.22.0

Component(s)

C++

[raulcd]

This was done as part of:

• GH-46745: [C++] Update bundled Boost to 1.88.0 and Apache Thrift to 0.22.0 #46912