ARROW-2796: [C++] Simplify version script used for linking

[pitrou]

Also use it for Arrow sublibraries: libarrow_flight.so, libarrow_python.so, libarrow_cuda.so.

[codecov-io]

Codecov Report

Merging #4142 into master will increase coverage by 0.72%.
The diff coverage is n/a.

@@            Coverage Diff             @@
##           master    #4142      +/-   ##
==========================================
+ Coverage   87.85%   88.57%   +0.72%     
==========================================
  Files         748      613     -135     
  Lines       91841    82177    -9664     
  Branches     1252        0    -1252     
==========================================
- Hits        80683    72790    -7893     
+ Misses      11039     9387    -1652     
+ Partials      119        0     -119

Impacted Files	Coverage Δ
cpp/src/arrow/util/thread-pool-test.cc	97.66% <0%> (-0.94%)	⬇️
go/arrow/math/uint64_amd64.go
go/arrow/memory/memory_avx2_amd64.go
js/src/enum.ts
go/arrow/array/builder.go
js/src/Arrow.node.ts
js/src/schema.ts
go/arrow/type_traits_boolean.go
js/src/ipc/node/writer.ts
js/src/visitor/vectorloader.ts
... and 126 more

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[wesm]

+1