[Task]: Use exclusion list in python precommit instead of inclusion list

[damccorm]

What needs to happen?

With #24204 we are adopting a list of subfolders to run the python precommit on; it would be better to have a catch-all version that just excludes some directories we're sure we're testing. This is less likely to be brittle and miss tests we add in future new subdirectories.

Additional context - #24204 (comment)

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Priority: 2 (default / most normal work should be filed as P2)

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[Abacn]

#24204 is breaking python precommit

ERROR: module or package not found: 'apache_beam/*.py (missing __init__.py?)

ERROR: InvocationError for command /home/jenkins/jenkins-slave/workspace/beam_PreCommit_Python_Cron/src/sdks/python/test-suites/tox/py39/build/srcs/sdks/python/scripts/run_pytest.sh py39-cython ''"'"'apache_beam/*.py apache_beam/coders apache_beam/internal apache_beam/io apache_beam/metrics apache_beam/ml apache_beam/options apache_beam/portability apache_beam/testing apache_beam/tools apache_beam/typehints apache_beam/utils'"'"'' (exited with code 4)

likely posargs does not support wildcard apache_beam/*.py or does not support multiple locations so we can only use exclusion list, actually

[damccorm]

Not sure why this didn't show up in the runs I queued earlier - #24855 should fix