[Bug](function) Fix function for cast string as date/datetime (#35637)

[yongjinhou]

Issue Number: close #35635
cherry-pick #35637 from master to branch-2.0

Cast rules：Consistent with mysql.
String：Date
The first part is 1-digit x: 000x-month-day
The first part is 2-digit xy: 20xy-month-day / 19xy-month-day The first part is 3-digit xyz: 20xy-0z-day / 19xy-0z-day The first part is 4-digit xyzw: xyzw-month-day

Proposed changes

Issue Number: close #xxx

[doris-robot]

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[yongjinhou]

run buildall

[doris-robot]

TPC-H: Total hot run time: 49940 ms

machine: 'aliyun_ecs.c7a.8xlarge_32C64G'
scripts: https://github.com/apache/doris/tree/master/tools/tpch-tools
Tpch sf100 test result on commit a970162b49e833a3fda2d84685909f1913061fd2, data reload: false

------ Round 1 ----------------------------------
q1	18054	4403	4414	4403
q2	2067	158	157	157
q3	10257	1909	1933	1909
q4	10319	1251	1325	1251
q5	8431	3841	3899	3841
q6	257	145	128	128
q7	2014	1596	1608	1596
q8	9578	2713	2727	2713
q9	13935	10280	10312	10280
q10	8686	3519	3562	3519
q11	417	245	256	245
q12	466	310	322	310
q13	18341	3976	4111	3976
q14	352	327	330	327
q15	505	473	462	462
q16	669	573	569	569
q17	1139	979	921	921
q18	7228	6931	6959	6931
q19	1705	1624	1581	1581
q20	549	306	313	306
q21	4436	4183	4111	4111
q22	485	407	404	404
Total cold run time: 119890 ms
Total hot run time: 49940 ms

----- Round 2, with runtime_filter_mode=off -----
q1	4360	4290	4323	4290
q2	324	227	220	220
q3	4195	4133	4214	4133
q4	2749	2750	2772	2750
q5	7225	7165	7082	7082
q6	243	125	118	118
q7	3251	2896	2858	2858
q8	4364	4484	4535	4484
q9	16907	16778	16765	16765
q10	4243	4254	4270	4254
q11	769	708	693	693
q12	1030	879	864	864
q13	6500	3776	3765	3765
q14	455	443	420	420
q15	508	461	456	456
q16	769	693	690	690
q17	3840	3838	3882	3838
q18	8810	8826	8759	8759
q19	1717	1663	1670	1663
q20	2417	2150	2122	2122
q21	8519	8528	8514	8514
q22	1001	943	904	904
Total cold run time: 84196 ms
Total hot run time: 79642 ms

[doris-robot]

TPC-DS: Total hot run time: 206463 ms

machine: 'aliyun_ecs.c7a.8xlarge_32C64G'
scripts: https://github.com/apache/doris/tree/master/tools/tpcds-tools
TPC-DS sf100 test result on commit a970162b49e833a3fda2d84685909f1913061fd2, data reload: false

query1	949	386	413	386
query2	6551	2623	2659	2623
query3	6964	218	215	215
query4	21164	18002	18098	18002
query5	19742	6585	6578	6578
query6	281	216	239	216
query7	4154	314	310	310
query8	254	254	239	239
query9	3173	2762	2659	2659
query10	436	313	299	299
query11	11384	10660	10806	10660
query12	124	87	78	78
query13	5596	694	699	694
query14	18338	13656	13589	13589
query15	366	230	232	230
query16	6477	286	262	262
query17	1702	1434	890	890
query18	2317	422	416	416
query19	213	157	153	153
query20	84	78	83	78
query21	201	98	102	98
query22	5273	5021	4967	4967
query23	32718	32143	32043	32043
query24	7026	6565	6585	6565
query25	542	452	447	447
query26	642	174	168	168
query27	2037	310	309	309
query28	6163	2351	2315	2315
query29	2899	2779	2828	2779
query30	247	167	173	167
query31	922	727	769	727
query32	70	66	62	62
query33	402	260	265	260
query34	840	495	486	486
query35	1109	918	926	918
query36	1317	1177	1382	1177
query37	94	61	69	61
query38	3049	2946	2954	2946
query39	1419	1338	1319	1319
query40	287	96	102	96
query41	40	38	37	37
query42	82	80	88	80
query43	786	696	675	675
query44	1191	721	722	721
query45	243	234	233	233
query46	1234	971	997	971
query47	1862	1642	1712	1642
query48	1022	726	739	726
query49	659	387	381	381
query50	870	627	632	627
query51	4774	4685	4697	4685
query52	97	86	95	86
query53	456	333	319	319
query54	2660	2428	2474	2428
query55	92	86	87	86
query56	242	225	198	198
query57	1215	1199	1067	1067
query58	232	200	210	200
query59	4235	3984	4174	3984
query60	208	233	212	212
query61	100	96	99	96
query62	821	467	474	467
query63	499	349	353	349
query64	2774	1546	1520	1520
query65	3658	3587	3589	3587
query66	827	388	384	384
query67	17601	16927	16868	16868
query68	8553	667	671	667
query69	562	338	350	338
query70	2092	1595	1637	1595
query71	391	309	318	309
query72	6567	3491	3496	3491
query73	734	332	325	325
query74	6367	5868	5858	5858
query75	4618	3624	3715	3624
query76	4890	1170	1217	1170
query77	670	259	272	259
query78	12465	11713	12529	11713
query79	10106	642	649	642
query80	1109	424	409	409
query81	505	242	239	239
query82	1381	100	102	100
query83	187	137	130	130
query84	264	70	71	70
query85	906	322	323	322
query86	345	346	298	298
query87	3182	3028	3025	3025
query88	5010	2367	2353	2353
query89	470	312	293	293
query90	1906	217	220	217
query91	176	144	155	144
query92	62	57	57	57
query93	5488	579	598	579
query94	763	213	213	213
query95	1130	1087	1072	1072
query96	642	332	336	332
query97	6414	6417	6421	6417
query98	202	175	181	175
query99	2852	942	911	911
Total cold run time: 317015 ms
Total hot run time: 206463 ms

[doris-robot]

ClickBench: Total hot run time: 31.61 s

machine: 'aliyun_ecs.c7a.8xlarge_32C64G'
scripts: https://github.com/apache/doris/tree/master/tools/clickbench-tools
ClickBench test result on commit a970162b49e833a3fda2d84685909f1913061fd2, data reload: false

query1	0.03	0.02	0.02
query2	0.07	0.02	0.02
query3	0.25	0.05	0.04
query4	1.78	0.06	0.06
query5	0.52	0.52	0.52
query6	1.23	0.62	0.67
query7	0.01	0.01	0.01
query8	0.04	0.03	0.02
query9	0.52	0.50	0.47
query10	0.55	0.54	0.54
query11	0.13	0.09	0.09
query12	0.12	0.09	0.09
query13	0.63	0.61	0.60
query14	0.78	0.80	0.80
query15	0.79	0.76	0.76
query16	0.37	0.36	0.37
query17	1.01	0.99	1.02
query18	0.24	0.26	0.26
query19	1.91	1.84	1.84
query20	0.02	0.00	0.00
query21	15.46	0.55	0.54
query22	1.97	2.42	2.09
query23	17.34	1.00	0.95
query24	6.67	1.53	1.30
query25	0.36	0.12	0.03
query26	0.77	0.16	0.16
query27	0.05	0.04	0.04
query28	5.69	0.80	0.73
query29	12.71	2.32	2.35
query30	0.58	0.53	0.53
query31	2.81	0.40	0.36
query32	3.35	0.50	0.50
query33	3.12	3.06	3.13
query34	15.28	4.80	4.81
query35	4.84	4.84	4.83
query36	1.08	1.01	1.02
query37	0.06	0.05	0.05
query38	0.04	0.02	0.02
query39	0.02	0.02	0.01
query40	0.16	0.15	0.14
query41	0.07	0.02	0.01
query42	0.02	0.01	0.01
query43	0.02	0.02	0.01
Total cold run time: 103.47 s
Total hot run time: 31.61 s

[doris-robot]

Load test result on machine: 'aliyun_ecs.c7a.8xlarge_32C64G'

Load test result on commit a970162b49e833a3fda2d84685909f1913061fd2 with default session variables
Stream load json:         20 seconds loaded 2358488459 Bytes, about 112 MB/s
Stream load orc:          59 seconds loaded 1101869774 Bytes, about 17 MB/s
Stream load parquet:      32 seconds loaded 861443392 Bytes, about 25 MB/s
Insert into select:       21.4 seconds inserted 10000000 Rows, about 467K ops/s