branch-3.1: [fix](LargeInt)Fix large int max_value + 1 not overflow bug. #56083

[Jibing-Li]

backport: #56083

[Thearas]

Thank you for your contribution to Apache Doris.
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Please clearly describe your PR:

1. What problem was fixed (it's best to include specific error reporting information). How it was fixed.
2. Which behaviors were modified. What was the previous behavior, what is it now, why was it modified, and what possible impacts might there be.
3. What features were added. Why was this function added?
4. Which code was refactored and why was this part of the code refactored?
5. Which functions were optimized and what is the difference before and after the optimization?

[Jibing-Li]

run buildall

[doris-robot]

TPC-H: Total hot run time: 34426 ms

machine: 'aliyun_ecs.c7a.8xlarge_32C64G'
scripts: https://github.com/apache/doris/tree/master/tools/tpch-tools
Tpch sf100 test result on commit af5f04f09b838a26520bb465a7330f5098f4c528, data reload: false

------ Round 1 ----------------------------------
q1	17620	5596	5501	5501
q2	2052	427	291	291
q3	11997	1275	807	807
q4	10530	910	519	519
q5	9450	2457	2235	2235
q6	212	177	140	140
q7	962	796	659	659
q8	9364	1520	1300	1300
q9	5307	5099	5014	5014
q10	6854	2333	1861	1861
q11	498	321	302	302
q12	381	385	239	239
q13	17796	3676	3150	3150
q14	260	240	217	217
q15	536	477	468	468
q16	468	479	412	412
q17	744	893	444	444
q18	7153	6775	6589	6589
q19	1237	1001	600	600
q20	385	406	244	244
q21	3542	2469	2394	2394
q22	1124	1105	1040	1040
Total cold run time: 108472 ms
Total hot run time: 34426 ms

----- Round 2, with runtime_filter_mode=off -----
q1	5614	5576	5585	5576
q2	265	336	254	254
q3	2340	2680	2387	2387
q4	1485	1867	1373	1373
q5	4740	5128	5122	5122
q6	191	171	135	135
q7	2122	2033	1915	1915
q8	2705	2937	2777	2777
q9	7456	7353	7348	7348
q10	3017	3373	2864	2864
q11	636	551	545	545
q12	717	800	665	665
q13	3556	3872	3272	3272
q14	290	304	281	281
q15	525	487	487	487
q16	501	533	495	495
q17	1309	1776	1312	1312
q18	7767	7762	7565	7565
q19	954	1128	1186	1128
q20	2045	2149	1992	1992
q21	5666	5142	4804	4804
q22	1200	1143	1095	1095
Total cold run time: 55101 ms
Total hot run time: 53392 ms

[hello-stephen]

FE UT Coverage Report

Increment line coverage 75.00% (3/4) 🎉
Increment coverage report
Complete coverage report

[doris-robot]

ClickBench: Total hot run time: 30.12 s

machine: 'aliyun_ecs.c7a.8xlarge_32C64G'
scripts: https://github.com/apache/doris/tree/master/tools/clickbench-tools
ClickBench test result on commit af5f04f09b838a26520bb465a7330f5098f4c528, data reload: false

query1	0.04	0.03	0.03
query2	0.08	0.03	0.04
query3	0.24	0.07	0.07
query4	1.61	0.11	0.12
query5	0.52	0.52	0.54
query6	1.13	0.74	0.73
query7	0.03	0.02	0.02
query8	0.05	0.03	0.04
query9	0.59	0.54	0.55
query10	0.60	0.60	0.58
query11	0.17	0.12	0.12
query12	0.16	0.13	0.12
query13	0.63	0.61	0.60
query14	0.82	0.84	0.82
query15	0.87	0.87	0.85
query16	0.41	0.42	0.42
query17	1.09	1.06	1.11
query18	0.26	0.27	0.25
query19	2.01	1.86	2.22
query20	0.02	0.01	0.01
query21	15.37	1.06	0.69
query22	0.74	0.87	0.71
query23	14.94	1.64	0.62
query24	3.72	0.61	1.97
query25	0.15	0.09	0.12
query26	0.33	0.17	0.17
query27	0.06	0.06	0.04
query28	13.89	1.09	0.48
query29	12.58	4.59	3.85
query30	0.29	0.10	0.07
query31	2.82	0.68	0.43
query32	3.25	0.56	0.47
query33	3.11	3.12	3.09
query34	16.60	5.30	4.57
query35	4.63	4.57	4.67
query36	0.68	0.53	0.51
query37	0.10	0.07	0.07
query38	0.05	0.04	0.04
query39	0.04	0.03	0.03
query40	0.17	0.15	0.14
query41	0.08	0.04	0.03
query42	0.04	0.03	0.03
query43	0.05	0.04	0.04
Total cold run time: 105.02 s
Total hot run time: 30.12 s