Catalog table should not need explicit segment granularity set

[zachjsh]

Description

This change allows catalog tables to be defined without explicit segment granularities defined. DML queries on such tables will either need to have the PARTITIONED BY clause specified, or the table will need to be updated to include a defined segment granularity for DML queries to be validated properly. This PR is built on top of #16223, so that change should be merged first

This PR has:

• been self-reviewed.
  • using the concurrency checklist (Remove this item if the PR doesn't have any relation to concurrency.)
• added documentation for new or modified features or behaviors.
• a release note entry in the PR description.
• added Javadocs for most classes and all non-trivial methods. Linked related entities via Javadoc links.
• added or updated version, license, or notice information in licenses.yaml
• added comments explaining the "why" and the intent of the code wherever would not be obvious for an unfamiliar reader.
• added unit tests or modified existing tests to cover new code paths, ensuring the threshold for code coverage is met.
• added integration tests.
• been tested in a test Druid cluster.