Re-visit previously disabled spotbugs patterns and enable them

[Akshat-Jain]

Description

With #17466, we excluded a bunch of spotbugs patterns to avoid irrelevant changes to that PR, and decided to revisit them as a follow-up action item.

This PR re-visits all the spotbugs patterns we disabled at that time, and enables some of them. The ones which are still kept disabled are mostly either false alarms, or would require a wider scoped design change.

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This PR has:

• been self-reviewed.
• added documentation for new or modified features or behaviors.
• a release note entry in the PR description.
• added Javadocs for most classes and all non-trivial methods. Linked related entities via Javadoc links.
• added or updated version, license, or notice information in licenses.yaml
• added comments explaining the "why" and the intent of the code wherever would not be obvious for an unfamiliar reader.
• added unit tests or modified existing tests to cover new code paths, ensuring the threshold for code coverage is met.
• added integration tests.
• been tested in a test Druid cluster.

[kgyrtkirk]

+1 (pending tests)