[FLINK-38757][runtime] Introduce the base class for application

[eemario]

What is the purpose of the change

This pull request introduces the base class for application that supports state transitions and job bookkeeping.

Brief change log

• Add AbstractApplication as the base class for application
• Add ApplicationID to identify an application
• Add ApplicationState to represent the status of an application

Verifying this change

This change added tests and can be verified as follows:

• Added test that validates the basic function for AbstractApplication

Does this pull request potentially affect one of the following parts:

• Dependencies (does it add or upgrade a dependency): (no)
• The public API, i.e., is any changed class annotated with @Public(Evolving): (no)
• The serializers: (no)
• The runtime per-record code paths (performance sensitive): (no)
• Anything that affects deployment or recovery: JobManager (and its components), Checkpointing, Kubernetes/Yarn, ZooKeeper: (no)
• The S3 file system connector: (no)

Documentation

• Does this pull request introduce a new feature? (no)
• If yes, how is the feature documented? (not applicable)

[flinkbot]

CI report:

• 5ac895c Azure: FAILURE

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