Polaris Catalog Spec: Policy Management Apis by HonahX · Pull Request #808 · apache/polaris

HonahX · 2025-01-16T18:23:56Z

The PR adds definition of policy management APIs designed in https://docs.google.com/document/d/1kIiVkFFg9tPa5SH70b9WwzbmclrzH3qWHKfCKXw5lbs/edit?tab=t.0#heading=h.nly223xz13km

The first set of APIs includes:

createPolicy
getPolicy
updatePolicy
dropPolicy
listPolicies
attachPolicy
detachPolicy

This PR also provides a models and example result to serve as a start point of discussion. All implementations and definition are subject to be changed upon further discussion.

Convenient viewer: https://editor-next.swagger.io/?url=https://raw.githubusercontent.com/HonahX/polaris/refs/heads/honahx_policy_management_apis/spec/generated/bundled-polaris-catalog-service.yaml

cc: @flyrain

HonahX · 2025-01-23T04:01:40Z

I also created a draft PR that use a separate yaml to hold policy management APIs: #856

jackye1995 · 2025-01-23T22:27:29Z

        5XX:
          $ref: '#/components/responses/ServerErrorResponse'
+
+  /v1/{prefix}/namespaces/{namespace}/policies:


why policy need to be under a namespace? why not directly /v1/{prefix}/policies? Curious if there are other similar systems and examples.

Seems like from this comment we actually prefer to have policy directly under catalog, at least for now

Here are reasons why policies should not be top-level entities in a Polaris instance:

Policies need a clear ownership structure, either under a catalog or a namespace, to simplify lifecycle management. For example, you can delete all policies associated with a catalog or namespace when they are no longer attached to any entities outside their owner. Typically, there’s a dedicated team responsible for creating and attaching policies to resource entities, like tables. This team usually doesn’t own any tables. This design also aligns with other systems like Snowflake and Dremio, which also put policies under a catalog or namespace.

In Polaris, each catalog maintains its own catalog roles with assigned privileges. Privileges are not granted directly to principal roles; instead, they are granted to catalog roles, which are then assigned to principal roles. With this privilege structure, it is more flexible to put policies under a catalog/namespace.

When it comes to deciding whether policies should live under catalogs or namespaces, there’s no definitive answer—it’s more about implementation preferences and what fits best for the system. That said, looking at examples from systems like Snowflake and Dremio, they both place policies under namespaces, and there are some clear benefits to doing so. It provides consistency in entity organization. Tables and views are "real" objects, the actual data entities, while catalogs and namespaces serve as layers to organize them. By placing policies under namespaces, you maintain this hierarchy, keeping things clean and logical.

We organically want polices owned by a catalog as you can see from the design doc, due to the reason that we don’t allow applying policies across-catalogs. But we removed that limit later, so that putting them under a catalog isn’t compelling any more, as we still have to check if all policies are used when we delete them as a batch. We can still put them under a catalog, but it means there are two sets of endpoints for policy CRUD. With that, I think it is fine to put polices under a namespace as the initial implementation. We could add new endpoints if needed in the future.

Personally, I would start with policies at the Catalog level, with the ability to add policy overrides at the namespace level later on. It is more consistent with how we manage privileges and storage configuration. Both start at the catalog level and overrides are attached to the child entities. Given that the mapping still happens at the namespace, I think CRUD at the Catalog level makes sense.

Let me break down the difference between policy ownership and policy assignment a bit.

Policy Ownership:
Think of this as where the policy "lives" and how it's managed. For example, a policy might be identified as c1.ns1.policy1, meaning it's part of a specific namespace. When you delete a namespace, you need to clean up everything under it—including the policies. This helps keep things organized. Also, in many companies, there's a dedicated team that's responsible for defining policies. They don't own any tables themselves, but they do manage the policies under a namespace (or something similar like a schema). Grouping policies under a namespace works well in this setup.

Policy Assignment:
Just because a policy exists in a namespace doesn't mean it automatically applies there. You have to actively assign the policy to a specific resource, like a catalog, namespace, or table. Think of it like having a rule book that's stored in a specific area, but you only use a rule when you decide to apply it to a particular situation. The following diagram shows how this assignment works in practice.

Another key reason for placing policies under a namespace is that it reinforces the purpose of the namespace: grouping real objects. If policies were placed directly under a catalog, they would become mixed with the grouping layer, potentially increasing the complexity and maintenance burden of the system. This approach aligns with practices used by other systems such as Snowflake, Dremio and Unity Catalog.

snazy

This change modifies Iceberg's REST API and adds Polaris specifics to it. Nothing guarantees that this "patch" on top of Iceberg's REST API won't break with an evolution of Iceberg's REST API.

There are also Polaris specific notions like "catalog" added - that concept doesn't exist in the Iceberg REST API. Referencing one catalog from another catalog from the Iceberg REST API looks strange to me.

Values, especially those used for path-parameters, should have validation patterns and only allow unproblematic characters.

Documentation for types, operations, fields should be more verbose - examples should also be added.

The new types NamespaceIdentifier and TableLikeIdentifier already exist in the same spec. Not sure whether duplicating those types makes sense.

I'd prefer to omit using any enum - that translates to a Java enum, which will break with later added enum values very early during request processing. (Not safe for future development.)

A policy is defined as PolicyContent: {}, which means that anything can go in there. It is rather impossible for a service to properly handle "concurrent" updates to a policy - the latest one would blindly win and silently overwrite all other changes. Why not use "patch" here?

I also recommend to not rely on a "version" attribute. The intent of it is undefined. Similar for created/updated-at-ms.

A policy has an ID, a name and description. It seems like ID is a unique, technical ID and name a human friendly name. However, only the description can be updated.

Overall, I think this PR needs some more changes, particularly documentation and examples and clear and types that can be validated. This change should IMHO also not update the Iceberg REST API.

HonahX

@snazy Thanks a lot for the detailed review and all the suggestions! If you don’t mind, I’d like to separate my reply into different threads.

This change modifies Iceberg's REST API and adds Polaris specifics to it. Nothing guarantees that this "patch" on top of Iceberg's REST API won't break with an evolution of Iceberg's REST API.

Thanks for bringing this! I totally agree we should start to separate out Polaris only APIs from IRC YAML, keeping the yaml consistent with the upstream released version. I think this also related to the recent dev list discussion: https://lists.apache.org/thread/1fqocs00pno0xfr4ss2p69d6dv5h8qzf. I just sent a reply there proposing a possible solution to separate apis into different YAMLs. The PoC PR is there: #856.

Given that big changes are likely required in separating APIs and we might discuss and explore more solutions, my initial plan was to do that in a follow-up PR so that we can unblock the addition of policy management APIs. Do you think it is ok to proceed to add these APIs to the yaml as a temporary solution and update later? It will not break things as we do not include implementation for these APIs yet.

HonahX · 2025-01-28T07:51:10Z

+          catalog: '#/components/schemas/CatalogIdentifier'
+          namespace: '#/components/schemas/NamespaceIdentifier'
+          table-like: '#/components/schemas/TableLikeIdentifier'
+      properties:


There are also Polaris specific notions like "catalog" added - that concept doesn't exist in the Iceberg REST API. Referencing one catalog from another catalog from the Iceberg REST API looks strange to me.

I agree. I think this also aligns with the need for YAML separation. Separating Polaris APIs from the IRC spec file will also help extend the concept of 'catalog' in Polaris, that it is not just the Iceberg Rest Catalog, but Iceberg REST Catalog + Polaris-powered capabilities like policy management and volumes/directory tables. This approach will make more sense once it's moved out of the IRC YAML.

HonahX · 2025-01-28T07:52:07Z

+    policy:
+      name: policy
+      in: path
+      description: a policy name


Values, especially those used for path-parameters, should have validation patterns and only allow unproblematic characters.

Thanks for pointing out! I will add relevant restrictions to these values: https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc3986#section-2.3

HonahX · 2025-01-28T07:52:55Z

+      summary: 'Create a policy in the given namespace'
+      operationId: createPolicy
+      description:
+        Create a policy in the given namespace


Documentation for types, operations, fields should be more verbose - examples should also be added.

Good point! Will add those

Added docs for new APIs

HonahX · 2025-01-28T07:58:25Z

+              type: string
+
+    NamespaceIdentifier:
+      allOf:


The new types NamespaceIdentifier and TableLikeIdentifier already exist in the same spec. Not sure whether duplicating those types makes sense.

These are added to support attaching policies to an entity in a different catalog. I think @flyrain can provide more context on this use case. So the additional catalog field here is what it differentiate from the existing TableIdentifier and Namespace.

We will always need the full path to support cross-catalog policy attachment. For example, we will need an identifier like c1.ns1 to make sure a policy can be attached to the namespace ns1 under catalog c1. The exiting schema namespace doesn't contain the full path. We will need NamespaceIdentifier.

TableLikeIdentifier is needed as policy could be applied to any table-like entities, like views, volumes(WIP)

HonahX · 2025-01-28T07:59:45Z

+      properties:
+        type:
+          type: string
+          enum:


I'd prefer to omit using any enum - that translates to a Java enum, which will break with later added enum values very early during request processing. (Not safe for future development.)

I got the idea from

polaris/spec/polaris-management-service.yml

Lines 1320 to 1338 in 5c38780

GrantResource:

type: object

discriminator:

propertyName: type

mapping:

catalog: '#/components/schemas/CatalogGrant'

namespace: '#/components/schemas/NamespaceGrant'

table: '#/components/schemas/TableGrant'

view: '#/components/schemas/ViewGrant'

properties:

type:

type: string

enum:

- catalog

- namespace

- table

- view

required:

- type

Do we also want to update that one?

I removed the enum for EntityIdentifier

Hi @snazy , I gave this a second thought, and I think keeping the enum could actually be helpful. The polymorphism it provides helps us validate Identifier types and ensures we only allow these valid field combinations:

CatalogIdentifier → catalog

NamespaceIdentifier → catalog, namespace

TableLikeIdentifier → catalog, namespace, name

That said, I’d like to understand more about the risks you mentioned regarding enums being "not safe for future development." My current understanding is that if we add new enum values later, older servers would simply reject them as unsupported—so I’m curious if there’s something else I’m missing. Would appreciate any insights!

HonahX · 2025-01-28T08:10:11Z

+          type: integer
+          format: int64
+
+    PolicyContent: {}


A policy is defined as PolicyContent: {}, which means that anything can go in there. It is rather impossible for a service to properly handle "concurrent" updates to a policy - the latest one would blindly win and silently overwrite all other changes. Why not use "patch" here?

The design is that PolicyContent can be any format, as long as it can be validated by the validator of the corresponding policy type. (doc). For example, a string of some SQL string can be the whole "PolicyContent" so we will need to replace the whole thing in every update. For user-defined custom policy type, we will not know what's in the policy content, so we will rely on the provided validator to ensure the policy is in a good shape.

I think I should add some basic introduction of Policy Validation in the spec to avoid confusion.

I've updated the PolicyContent to be a string which can hold JSON string, SQL, or any other format.

HonahX · 2025-01-28T08:16:32Z

+          type: string
+        content:
+          $ref: '#/components/schemas/PolicyContent'
+        version:


I also recommend to not rely on a "version" attribute. The intent of it is undefined. Similar for created/updated-at-ms.

For version do you think a more meaningful name, such as policy-version and some additional description of what policy-version looks like and its usage make it better here? In the future, we will also introduce APIRestorePolicyVersion to help rollback.

For created/updated-at-ms, I thought they were for informative purpose only. Do you recommend to switch to some other format to represent this information or to not include these information in the object?

Thanks in advance!

HonahX · 2025-01-28T08:27:27Z

+    UpdatePolicyRequest:
+      type: object
+      properties:
+        description:


A policy has an ID, a name and description. It seems like ID is a unique, technical ID and name a human friendly name. However, only the description can be updated.

The ID is unique. The current design is that policy name is also required to be unique within a namespace so that we can let user provide policy identifier (namespace + name) when loading. I am thinking of adding another endpoint to rename policy, similar as /v1/{prefix}/tables/rename. WDYT?

flyrain

Thanks @HonahX for the PR, left some comments.

HonahX · 2025-02-05T21:33:15Z

Thanks everyone for reviewing it. Now that #906 is merged, we can separate the policy management APIs into a dedicated file: spec/polaris-catalog-apis/policy-management-apis.yaml. I've updated the PR accordingly and addressed the review comments.
@flyrain @collado-mike @snazy @jackye1995 Would you mind taking another look when you have a chance? Appreciate your help!

flyrain · 2025-02-05T23:42:12Z

+        - `name`(REQUIRED): The name of the policy. It Must include only unreserved URL characters: letters(A-Z, a-z), digits (0-9), hyphens (-), periods (.), underscores (_) and tildes (~)
+        - `type` (REQUIRED): The type of the policy. It can be either predefined type or custom type.
+          - **Predefined Policies:** system.compaction, system.snapshot_retention
+          - **Custom Policies:** custom.<org_name>.data_masking, custom.<user_id>.audit_policy


I'm now questioning myself if it's a good idea to allow . in policy name. The concern is that how do we address a policy. Ideally it should be addressed similar to a table identifier(c1.ns1.t1). With a dot in the name, a name like c1.ns1.a.b is ambiguous, esp. that Polaris supports multiple level of namespace. We don't know if a is a namespace or part of policy name.

Sorry for the confusion, I think we should just make sure policy name doesn't have dot. policy type is fine.

Good catch! I removed the dot here, and also ~, so we only allow commonly used characters.

flyrain

Thanks @HonahX for working on it. Looks pretty good overall. Left minor comments.

flyrain · 2025-03-12T21:02:08Z

I guess it's fine to infer the type this way. So that we save one parameter.

gh-yzou · 2025-03-12T21:37:07Z

let's just call this models, then later we can merge the ones for generic table and yours in one

How about we define policyManagementModels and genericTableModels and then then merge them into the generator configuration? This approach clearly shows where each model originates.

yeah, that sounds good to me.

gh-yzou · 2025-03-12T21:54:11Z

that name is quite long, would detach-all work?

Maybe even just detach?

Great suggestion! Let's use the short one

After some thoughts, I prefer to use detach-all because it clearly indicates that the policy will be detached from all targets when this parameter is set to true.

collado-mike · 2025-03-12T22:28:09Z

Can't we keep all of these defined in the policy-apis.yaml file?

Hi @collado-mike, similar to #1150 (comment), I currently put here to make sure we do not duplicate servers and security schemes definition. And this also means we can easily render a preview of all supported API like https://editor-next.swagger.io/?url=https://raw.githubusercontent.com/HonahX/polaris/refs/heads/honahx_policy_management_apis/spec/generated/bundled-polaris-catalog-service.yaml

But I agree there are also advantages of the alternative approach. How about we discuss that in a follow-up and do a refactor as a whole once generic table api and policy api are all in? We can re-organize these files any time if needed.

collado-mike · 2025-03-12T22:39:21Z

If this param is set to false, what error code is returned on failure?

Good question! I think we should return 400 - BadRequest, similar to how we currently handle NamespaceNotEmptyException

polaris/service/common/src/main/java/org/apache/polaris/service/exception/IcebergExceptionMapper.java

Line 184 in 9b5e518

case NamespaceNotEmptyException e -> Status.BAD_REQUEST.getStatusCode();

Please include this in the spec itself

collado-mike · 2025-03-12T22:40:18Z

Maybe even just detach?

collado-mike · 2025-03-12T22:48:16Z

Any restrictions around starting character? E.g., is it ok to start with something like ___mypolicy__?

I’ve gone back and forth on this. Initially, I didn’t set restrictions—like with existing tables/views—but based on @snazy's suggestion, filtering out invalid characters makes sense. That said, I prefer minimal restrictions unless there's a reason. Would something like ___mypolicy__ be problematic in some future use case? Or is it a general good practice to limit the starting and trailing character to be letters or digits only?

IDK - we have no such restrictions on other entities in Polaris, so... it's whatever we want. It's just impossible to make it more restrictive later

collado-mike

Approving to unblock - please add the answers to the questions I asked into the spec itself so that readers can understand the expected behavior. People aren't going to go back and read the original design doc, nor is the design doc going to be updated with behavior changes going forward. Ambiguities like these should be addressed by the spec

@snazy

@snazy’s comments have been all addressed. Please see the following for more details.
#808 (review)
#808 (comment)
#808 (comment)
#808 (comment)
#808 (comment)
#808 (comment)
#808 (comment)
#808 (comment)
#808 (comment)
#808 (comment)

snazy · 2025-03-14T09:40:26Z

@flyrain looks like you oversaw my strong concern This change modifies Iceberg's REST API and adds Polaris specifics to it. Nothing guarantees that this "patch" on top of Iceberg's REST API won't break with an evolution of Iceberg's REST API. - this has not been addressed - neither in this PR nor in #1150.

To be clear: my request for changes still stands! So I ask you to revert this change!

Related to the discussion on the dev-ML: Concerns about changing and/or depending on the Iceberg REST spec have been raised multiple times on PRs and on the dev-mailing-list. This PR introduces a hard dependency on the Iceberg REST spec.

The approach take in this PR and #1150 should have discussed explicitly on the dev mailing list, as stated in the project's contributing guidelines, which explicitly say: "Change of public interface (or more generally speaking Polaris extension point) should be discussed and approved on the dev mailing list. The discussion on the dev mailing list should happen before having a “ready-for-review” Pull Request."

flyrain · 2025-03-14T18:24:06Z

@snazy, thanks for raising your concerns!

@HonahX has replied and addressed your concern more than one month ago per the timestamp in these comments:
#808 (review)
#808 (comment)
#808 (comment)
#808 (comment)
#808 (comment)
#808 (comment)
#808 (comment)
#808 (comment)
#808 (comment)
#808 (comment)

With a long waiting for responses from you, we can only consider you are OK with it. The ASF lazy consensus rule( https://community.apache.org/committers/decisionMaking.html#lazy-consensus) also explicitly mentioned the 3 days decision-making process. With that, I don't think we need to revert this PR. Sorry to hear that you still think it's not resolved.
But feel free to bring up the discussion on the dev mailing list to clarify the dependencies and concerns raised.

I appreciate your vigilance and look forward to resolving concerns collaboratively.

HonahX changed the title ~~[WIP] Spec: Policy Management Apis~~ [WIP] Rest Spec: Policy Management Apis Jan 16, 2025

HonahX changed the title ~~[WIP] Rest Spec: Policy Management Apis~~ [WIP] Catalog Spec: Policy Management Apis Jan 16, 2025

HonahX changed the title ~~[WIP] Catalog Spec: Policy Management Apis~~ Catalog Spec: Policy Management Apis Jan 22, 2025

HonahX mentioned this pull request Jan 23, 2025

[PoC] [Do Not Merge] Make policy management APIs separate from IRC spec #856

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HonahX marked this pull request as ready for review January 23, 2025 03:59

HonahX requested review from RussellSpitzer, adutra, ashvina, collado-mike, dennishuo, dimas-b, ebyhr, eric-maynard, flyrain, jackye1995, jbonofre, snazy, takidau and vvcephei as code owners January 23, 2025 03:59

collado-mike requested changes Jan 23, 2025

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HonahX added 3 commits March 13, 2025 10:57

policy store apis

83bf821

fix merge conflict for build file

9fabdb9

fix comments

51de960

HonahX force-pushed the honahx_policy_management_apis branch from 474c063 to 51de960 Compare March 13, 2025 19:09

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add missing responses and examples

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add more doc

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snazy mentioned this pull request Mar 14, 2025

Polaris Catalog Spec: Generic Table APIs #1150

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rakesh-das08 pushed a commit to rakesh-das08/polaris that referenced this pull request Mar 22, 2025

Polaris Catalog Spec: Policy Management Apis (apache#808)

f91f5cc

	GrantResource:
	type: object
	discriminator:
	propertyName: type
	mapping:
	catalog: '#/components/schemas/CatalogGrant'
	namespace: '#/components/schemas/NamespaceGrant'
	table: '#/components/schemas/TableGrant'
	view: '#/components/schemas/ViewGrant'
	properties:
	type:
	type: string
	enum:
	- catalog
	- namespace
	- table
	- view
	required:
	- type

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