THRIFT-5909: Add Ruby to the GitHub workflow

[kpumuk]

This PR adds Ruby library to the GitHub workflow. Build matrix includes Ruby versions 2.7 and up, but does not include jruby or truffleruby (yet) - only MRI.

The following changes need to be merged before this as they fail the tests:

• THRIFT-5906: Remove Fixnum references to support modern Ruby versions #3249
• THRIFT-5909: Fixed '#to_io gives NilClass' error #3266
• THRIFT-5909: Fixed make check for Ruby library #3270

I have included both changes in this PR, and will rebase once they are merged.

• Did you create an Apache Jira ticket? THRIFT-5909
• If a ticket exists: Does your pull request title follow the pattern "THRIFT-NNNN: describe my issue"?
• Did you squash your changes to a single commit? (not required, but preferred)
• Did you do your best to avoid breaking changes? If one was needed, did you label the Jira ticket with "Breaking-Change"?
• If your change does not involve any code, include [skip ci] anywhere in the commit message to free up build resources.

[kpumuk]

Alright, getting to this point took a little bit of time, but it is now ready to be merged. Unit tests are green in all Ruby versions added to the matrix, cross tests are pending for after UUID support added.