[Android] Implement post-build symbol stripping

[kotlarmilos]

Description

Build machines run out of disk space without symbol stripping. However, enabling symbol stripping removes debug symbols, which makes the app non-debuggable and breaks adb shell run-as access to internal storage. For test infrastructure, we need both: debuggable builds and stripped binaries.

Tasks

• Keep the app debuggable during build
• Strip debug symbols from native libraries after the build step

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