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khaeru merged 2 commits into from
Mar 5, 2020
Merged

2019 update - Emission section extended to include CCS capture rate #28

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41851ba
added capture rates for greenfield CCS technologies
OFR-IIASA Aug 8, 2019
dc33042
removed coal/bio to gas w. CCS technologies and added MTG bio to ethanol
OFR-IIASA Aug 8, 2019
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52 changes: 48 additions & 4 deletions source/emissions/message/index.rst
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@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
.. _emission_energy:

Emission from energy (MESSAGE)
----
------------------------------

Carbon-dioxide (CO2)
~~~~
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
The MESSAGE model includes a detailed representation of energy-related and - via the link to GLOBIOM - land-use CO2 emissions (Riahi and Roehrl, 2000 :cite:`riahi_greenhouse_2000`; Riahi, Rubin et al., 2004 :cite:`riahi_prospects_2004`; Rao and Riahi, 2006 :cite:`rao_role_2006`; Riahi et al., 2011 :cite:`riahi_rcp_2011`). CO2 emission factors of fossil fuels and biomass are based on the 1996 version of the IPCC guidelines for national greenhouse gas inventories :cite:`ipcc_revised_1996` (see :numref:`tab-emissionfactor`). It is important to note that biomass is generally treated as being carbon neutral in the energy system, because the effects on the terrestrial carbon stocks are accounted for on the land use side, i.e. in GLOBIOM (see section :ref:`globiom`). The CO2 emission factor of biomass is, however, relevant in the application of carbon capture and storage (CCS) where the carbon content of the fuel and the capture efficiency of the applied process determine the amount of carbon captured per unit of energy.

.. _tab-emissionfactor:
Expand Down Expand Up @@ -51,10 +51,54 @@ The MESSAGE model includes a detailed representation of energy-related and - via

CO2 emissions of fossil fuels for the entire energy system are accounted for at the resource extraction level by applying the CO2 emission factors listed in :numref:`tab-emissionfactor` to the extracted fossil fuel quantities. In this economy-wide accounting, carbon emissions captured in CCS processes remove carbon from the balance equation, i.e. they contribute with a negative emission coefficient. In parallel, a sectoral acounting of CO2 emissions is performed which applies the same emission factors to fossil fuels used in individual conversion processes. In addition to conversion processes, also CO2 emissions from energy use in fossil fuel resource extraction are explicitly accounted for. A relevant feature of MESSAGE in this context is that CO2 emissions from the extraction process increase when moving from conventional to unconventional fossil fuel resources (McJeon et al., 2014 :cite:`mcjeon_gas_2014`).

CO2 mitigation options in the energy system include technology and fuel shifts; efficiency improvements; and CCS. A large number of specific mitigation technologies are modeled bottom-up in MESSAGE with a dynamic representation of costs and efficiencies. As mentioend above, MESSAGE also includes a detailed representation of carbon capture and sequestration from both fossil fuel and biomass combustion.
CO2 mitigation options in the energy system include technology and fuel shifts; efficiency improvements; and CCS. A large number of specific mitigation technologies are modeled bottom-up in MESSAGE with a dynamic representation of costs and efficiencies. As mentioend above, MESSAGE also includes a detailed representation of carbon capture and sequestration from both fossil fuel and biomass combustion (see :numref:`tab_CCScapturerates`).

.. _tab_CCScapturerates:
.. list-table:: Carbon capture rates in [%]
:widths: 25 45 15
:header-rows: 1

* - Conversion Process
- Plant type
- Capture rate
* - Electricity generation
- supercritical PC power plant with desulphurization/denox and CCS
- 90%
* - Electricity generation
- IGCC power plant with CCS
- 90%
* - Electricity generation
- biomass IGCC power plant with CCS
- 86%
* - Liquid fuel production
- Fischer-Tropsch coal-to-liquids with CCS
- 85%
* - Liquid fuel production
- coal methanol-to-gasoline with CCS
- 85%
* - Liquid fuel production
- Fischer-Tropsch gas-to-liquids with CCS
- 90%
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@volker-krey volker-krey Aug 21, 2019

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The capture rates for liquid fuel production from coal and gas seem very high to me given that a significant fraction of carbon remains in the liquid fuel. Are these relative to the carbon content of the input or relative to the output, excluding the carbon in the fuel?

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@OFR-IIASA OFR-IIASA Aug 28, 2019

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These are based on the output fuel. I took these numbers from the spread sheet derived by "eric", where the capture efficiencies are explicitly provided. So, syn_liq has an entry into CO2c of .539. syn_liq_ccs has an entry of 0.080 (therefore .459 is captured). The remainder .631 remains in the output fuel.

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@francescolovat francescolovat Oct 9, 2019

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Hi all,

Yes, this table also looks a bit unclear to me, especially regarding the liquid fuel production.

I'l probably drop by your office @OFR-IIASA to understand it a probably to make it clearer for an external reader. Afterwards I guess we could close and merge this PR.

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@volker-krey volker-krey Oct 26, 2019

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I had a closer look at this issue, using the example of coal methanol-to-gasoline with CCS (meth_coal_ccs in AFR for 2030). I can reproduce the 85% capture rate for the residual emissions, i.e. the emissions excluding the carbon that remains in the fuel produced. My suggestion would be to provide two capture rates with a clear definition in this table: (i) the current capture rate as a fraction of the process CO2 emissions and (ii) the capture rate relative to the carbon content of the feedstock. For the above example, the latter is about 55% as a significant share of carbon remains in the fuel. The former number is interesting from an engineering point of view and describes the efficiency of the capture process. The latter number is particularly relevant for the biomass-based CDR technologies as it describes the potential to sequester carbon from the atmosphere. Obviously for processes that produce carbon-free energy carriers like electricity of hydrogen the two are the same.
@OFR-IIASA Please add this second column with a clear definition. - Thanks.

* - Liquid fuel production
- Fischer-Tropsch biomass-to-liquids with CCS
- 65%
* - Liquid fuel production
- Biomass to Gasoline via the Methanol-to-Gasoline (MTG) Process with CCS
- 67%
* - Hydrogen production
- coal gasification with CCS
- 92%
* - Hydrogen production
- biomass gasification with CCS
- 85%
* - Hydrogen production
- steam methane reforming with CCS
- 90%



Non-CO2 GHGs
~~~~
~~~~~~~~~~~~
MESSAGE includes a representation of non-CO2 GHGs (CH4, N2O, HFCs, SF6, PFCs) mandated by the Kyoto Protocol (Rao and Riahi, 2006 :cite:`rao_role_2006`) with the exception of NF3. Included is a representation of emissions and mitigation options from both energy related processes as well as non-energy sources like municipal solid waste disposal and wastewater. CH4 and N2O emissions from land are taken care of by the link to GLOBIOM (see Section :ref:`emission_land`).

.. _gains:
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54 changes: 27 additions & 27 deletions source/energy/conversion/other.rst
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Expand Up @@ -18,29 +18,33 @@ Apart from oil refining as predominant supply technology for liquid fuels at pre
.. _tab-liqfuel:
.. table:: Liquid fuel production technologies in MESSAGE by energy source.

+----------------+----------------------------------------------+---------------------------+
| Energy Source | Technology | Electricity cogeneration |
+================+==============================================+===========================+
| biomass | Fischer-Tropsch biomass-to-liquids | yes |
| +----------------------------------------------+---------------------------+
| | Fischer-Tropsch biomass-to-liquids with CCS | yes |
+----------------+----------------------------------------------+---------------------------+
| coal | Fischer-Tropsch coal-to-liquids | yes |
| +----------------------------------------------+---------------------------+
| | Fischer-Tropsch coal-to-liquids with CCS | yes |
| +----------------------------------------------+---------------------------+
| | coal methanol-to-gasoline | yes |
| +----------------------------------------------+---------------------------+
| | coal methanol-to-gasoline with CCS | yes |
+----------------+----------------------------------------------+---------------------------+
| gas | Fischer-Tropsch gas-to-liquids | no |
| +----------------------------------------------+---------------------------+
| | Fischer-Tropsch gas-to-liquids with CCS | no |
+----------------+----------------------------------------------+---------------------------+
| oil | simple refinery | no |
| +----------------------------------------------+---------------------------+
| | complex refinery | no |
+----------------+----------------------------------------------+---------------------------+
+----------------+---------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------+
| Energy Source | Technology | Electricity cogeneration |
+================+===============================================================+===========================+
| biomass | Fischer-Tropsch biomass-to-liquids | yes |
| +---------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------+
| | Fischer-Tropsch biomass-to-liquids with CCS | yes |
| +---------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------+
| | Gasoline via the Methanol-to-Gasoline (MTG) Process | yes |
| +---------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------+
| | Gasoline via the Methanol-to-Gasoline (MTG) Process with CCS | yes |
+----------------+---------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------+
| coal | Fischer-Tropsch coal-to-liquids | yes |
| +---------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------+
| | Fischer-Tropsch coal-to-liquids with CCS | yes |
| +---------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------+
| | coal methanol-to-gasoline | yes |
| +---------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------+
| | coal methanol-to-gasoline with CCS | yes |
+----------------+---------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------+
| gas | Fischer-Tropsch gas-to-liquids | no |
| +---------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------+
| | Fischer-Tropsch gas-to-liquids with CCS | no |
+----------------+---------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------+
| oil | simple refinery | no |
| +---------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------+
| | complex refinery | no |
+----------------+---------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------+

Gaseous Fuel Production
-----------------------
Expand All @@ -54,12 +58,8 @@ Gaseous fuel production technologies represented in MESSAGE are gasification of
| Energy Source | Technology |
+================+===============================+
| biomass | biomass gasification |
| +-------------------------------+
| | biomass gasification with CCS |
+----------------+-------------------------------+
| coal | coal gasification |
| +-------------------------------+
| | coal gasification with CCS |
+----------------+-------------------------------+

Hydrogen Production
Expand Down