whereat

Know where the bug is at() — without panic!, debuginfo, or overhead. Replace ? with .at()? to get build-time, async-friendly stacktraces with clickable GitHub links.

Error: UserNotFound
   at src/db.rs:142:9
      ╰─ user_id = 42
   at src/api.rs:89:5
      ╰─ in handle_request
   at myapp @ https://github.com/you/myapp/blob/a1b2c3d/src/main.rs#L23

Compatible with no_std, plain enums, structs, thiserror, anyhow — any type with Debug. No changes to your error types required.

Quick Start

at!() creates a traced error. .at()? propagates it. That's it.

// once in lib.rs — enables clickable GitHub links in traces
// For workspace crates: whereat::define_at_crate_info!(path = "crates/mylib/");
whereat::define_at_crate_info!();

use whereat::prelude::*;

#[derive(Debug)]
enum DbError { NotFound, ConnectionFailed }

fn get_user(id: u64) -> Result<String, At<DbError>> {
    if id == 0 { return Err(at!(DbError::NotFound)); } // at!() starts the trace
    Ok("alice".into())
}

fn get_email(id: u64) -> Result<String, At<DbError>> {
    let name = get_user(id).at()?; // .at()? adds this call site to the trace
    Ok(format!("{}@example.com", name))
}

Multiple error types

#[derive(Debug)]
enum ApiError { Db(DbError), BadRequest(String) }

fn handle_request(id: u64) -> Result<String, At<ApiError>> {
    let email = get_email(id)
        .at()                           // new frame at this call site
        .at_str("looking up recipient") // context on that frame
        .map_err_at(ApiError::Db)?;     // DbError → ApiError, trace preserved
    Ok(email)
}

fn api_endpoint(id: u64) -> Result<String, At<ApiError>> {
    let result = handle_request(id).at()?; // propagate with location tracking
    Ok(result)
}

See Avoiding Trace Loss for patterns that silently destroy traces. Full runnable version: examples/readme.rs.

How it works

graph LR
    subgraph "At<E>"
        direction TB
        E["error: E"]
        T["trace: 8 bytes"]
    end
    T -->|"null until error"| Trace
    subgraph Trace["AtTrace (heap, 112 bytes default)"]
        direction TB
        L["locations: InlineVec<4>"]
        C["contexts"]
        CI["crate_info"]
    end

Loading

At<E> is sizeof(E) + 8 bytes. The trace pointer is null until an error occurs — zero heap allocation on the Ok path. Each .at() is #[track_caller], so the compiler bakes file:line:col into the binary as static data. No stack walking, no debug symbols.

Frames vs contexts

.at() creates a frame (a new location). .at_str() adds context to the last frame. Multiple contexts can attach to one frame:

   at src/db.rs:15:13           ← .at() created this frame
   at src/db.rs:89:9            ← .at() created this frame
      ╰─ user lookup failed        ╰─ .at_str() added context
   at src/handler.rs:42:5       ← .at() created this frame
      ╰─ processing request        ╰─ .at_str() added context
      ╰─ request_id = 7           ╰─ .at_data() added context

150x faster than backtrace, zero overhead on the Ok path, ~18ns per frame on error. See PERFORMANCE.md for benchmarks.

API Reference

Starting a trace

Function	Works on	Crate info	Use when
at!(err)	Any type	✅ GitHub links	Default — requires define_at_crate_info!()
at(err)	Any type	❌ None	Quick prototyping, no setup
err.start_at()	Error types	❌ None	Chaining on error values

Extending a trace

On Result<T, At<E>>:

Method	Effect
.at()	New frame at caller's location
.at_str("msg")	Static string context on last frame (zero-cost)
.at_string(|| format!(...))	Dynamic string context (lazy)
.at_fn(|| {})	New frame + captures function name
.at_named("label")	New frame + custom label
.at_data(|| value)	Typed context via Display (lazy)
.at_debug(|| value)	Typed context via Debug (lazy)
.at_aside_error(err)	Attach a related error (diagnostic only, not in .source() chain)
.map_err_at(|e| ...)	Convert error type, preserve trace

.at() creates a NEW frame. .at_str() and other context methods add to the LAST frame.

Inspecting and decomposing

Method	Effect
.error()	Borrow the inner &E
.decompose()	Consume into (E, Option<AtTrace>) — preserves the trace
.map_error(|e| ...)	Convert error type inside At<E>, preserving trace
.frame_count()	Number of location frames in the trace
.full_trace()	Display formatter showing all frames + contexts

Cross-crate tracing

When consuming errors from other crates, use at_crate!() to mark the boundary:

whereat::define_at_crate_info!();

fn call_external() -> Result<(), At<ExternalError>> {
    at_crate!(external_crate::do_thing())?;  // Wraps Result, marks boundary
    Ok(())
}

This ensures traces show myapp @ src/lib.rs:42 instead of confusing paths from dependencies. Desugars to result.at_crate(crate::at_crate_info()).

Hot loops

Don't trace inside hot loops. Defer until you exit:

fn process_batch(items: &[Item]) -> Result<(), MyError> {
    for item in items {
        process_one(item)?;  // Plain Result here, no At<>
    }
    Ok(())
}

fn caller() -> Result<(), At<MyError>> {
    process_batch(&items)
        .map_err(|e| at!(e).at_skipped_frames())?;  // Wrap on exit, mark skipped
    Ok(())
}

Avoiding Trace Loss

whereat only works if you keep the trace alive as errors propagate. These patterns silently destroy traces — avoid them.

Never use .into_inner() during error propagation

into_inner() is deprecated since 0.1.4 because it discards the trace. Use decompose() to get both error and trace, or map_error() / map_err_at() to convert types while preserving the trace.

// WRONG — trace is gone
let bare_err = at_err.into_inner();
return Err(at(MyError::Sub(bare_err)));

// RIGHT — trace preserved
return inner_call().map_err_at(|e| MyError::Sub(e));

Never implement From<At<X>> for Y

This gets invoked by ? and discards the At<> wrapper (and its trace):

// WRONG — ? uses this From impl, trace dies
impl From<At<BufferError>> for TiffError {
    fn from(e: At<BufferError>) -> Self {
        TiffError::Buffer(e.into_inner())  // trace lost!
    }
}

// RIGHT — implement From on the bare types, convert with map_err_at
impl From<BufferError> for TiffError {
    fn from(e: BufferError) -> Self { TiffError::Buffer(e) }
}

fn decode() -> Result<(), At<TiffError>> {
    pixel_call().map_err_at(TiffError::from)?;  // trace preserved
    Ok(())
}

Never format-then-rewrap

// WRONG — inner trace is gone, you only get the adapter's location
.map_err(|e| Error::Other(format!("decode failed: {}", e.into_inner())).at())?;

// RIGHT — convert the error type, keep the trace
.map_err_at(|e| Error::Other(e.to_string()))?;

#[from] doesn't work with At<> — don't reach for .into_inner()

thiserror's #[from] generates From<SubError> for MyError, but ? on Result<T, At<SubError>> needs From<At<SubError>> for At<MyError>, which doesn't exist. The compiler will reject it. The temptation is to "fix" this with .into_inner() — don't. Use map_err_at instead:

// WON'T COMPILE — no From<At<SubError>> for At<MyError>
sub_call()?;

// WRONG — compiles but trace dies
sub_call().map_err(|e| MyError::Sub(e.into_inner()))?;

// RIGHT — trace preserved
sub_call().map_err_at(|e| MyError::Sub(e))?;

Always trace at error origination

Every Err(MyError::Variant) should be Err(at(MyError::Variant)) or Err(at!(MyError::Variant)). If you skip this, there's no trace to propagate.

Design

You define your own error types. whereat wraps them in At<E> to add location + context + crate tracking. Works with plain enums, structs, thiserror, anyhow — anything with Debug.

Situation	Use
Existing struct/enum you don't want to modify	Wrap with At<YourError>
Want traces embedded inside your error type	Implement AtTraceable

At<E> is no_std (core + alloc). The std feature exists for historical compatibility but is a no-op — core::error::Error is stable since Rust 1.81.

See also: Inline storage features | Workspace layouts | Link format customization | Pretty output

Image tech I maintain

State of the art codecs*	zenjpeg · zenpng · zenwebp · zengif · zenavif (rav1d-safe · zenrav1e · zenavif-parse · zenavif-serialize) · zenjxl (jxl-encoder · zenjxl-decoder) · zentiff · zenbitmaps · heic · zenraw · zenpdf · ultrahdr · mozjpeg-rs · webpx
Compression	zenflate · zenzop
Processing	zenresize · zenfilters · zenquant · zenblend
Metrics	zensim · fast-ssim2 · butteraugli · resamplescope-rs · codec-eval · codec-corpus
Pixel types & color	zenpixels · zenpixels-convert · linear-srgb · garb
Pipeline	zenpipe · zencodec · zencodecs · zenlayout · zennode
ImageResizer	ImageResizer (C#) — 24M+ NuGet downloads across all packages
Imageflow	Image optimization engine (Rust) — .NET · node · go — 9M+ NuGet downloads across all packages
Imageflow Server	The fast, safe image server (Rust+C#) — 552K+ NuGet downloads, deployed by Fortune 500s and major brands

_{* as of 2026}

General Rust awesomeness

archmage · magetypes · enough · whereat · zenbench · cargo-copter

And other projects · GitHub @imazen · GitHub @lilith · lib.rs/~lilith · NuGet (over 30 million downloads / 87 packages)

License

MIT OR Apache-2.0