refactor: enhance version parsing with protocol support and validation

[9romise]

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📝 Walkthrough

Walkthrough

This pull request extends version parsing to support multiple protocols (workspace, catalog, npm, and jsr) in addition to the existing npm protocol. A new isSupportedProtocol function is introduced to validate parsed protocols. The parseVersion utility is updated to parse optional protocol prefixes and extract the version string accordingly. Multiple provider modules are modified to use the new isSupportedProtocol check, returning early if the parsed protocol is not supported. Test coverage is added for the newly supported protocols.

Possibly related PRs

• feat(completion): support 'npm:'-prefixed versions #29: Modifies the same version parsing and formatting functions alongside updates to completion, diagnostics, and hover provider callers that gate on parsed version results.

🚥 Pre-merge checks | ❌ 1

❌ Failed checks (1 warning)

Check name	Status	Explanation	Resolution
Description check	⚠️ Warning	The pull request has no description provided by the author, making it impossible to assess relevance or intent.	Add a pull request description explaining the changes, their purpose, and any relevant context for reviewers.

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✨ Finishing touches

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🧪 Generate unit tests (beta)

• Create PR with unit tests
• Post copyable unit tests in a comment
• Commit unit tests in branch refactor/version

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