Allows API packages to specify file-based and env-based config

[Nevay]

Moves ComponentProvider and related classes to API and adds env-based loader to allow API packages (instrumentations and propagators) to specify their configuration options.

[ChrisLightfootWild]

Should I base #1523 on the back of this, given the environment changes here? 🤔 (I appreciate that my PR is a little stale, but I plan to pick it up again in future)

[Nevay]

The two PRs should be mostly independent:
#1523 changes how OpenTelemetry\SDK\Common\Configuration\Configuration reads values
#1621 changes how values from OpenTelemetry\SDK\Common\Configuration\Configuration are read

[ChrisLightfootWild]

Failing pipelines look to be related to Xdebug issues that Brett raised in #1554; still present in 3.4.3.

Noted that there is a 3.4.4 to address some issues, but looks like re-running the build hasn't picked up that extension version yet.

[codecov]

Codecov Report

Attention: Patch coverage is 12.61261% with 97 lines in your changes missing coverage. Please review.

Project coverage is 68.62%. Comparing base (95229b7) to head (eacc55a).
Report is 1 commits behind head on main.

Files with missing lines	Patch %	Lines
src/SDK/Common/Configuration/EnvResolver.php	0.00%	38 Missing ⚠️
...ommon/Configuration/EnvComponentLoaderRegistry.php	0.00%	24 Missing ⚠️
...General/ConfigEnv/EnvComponentLoaderHttpConfig.php	0.00%	13 Missing ⚠️
...General/ConfigEnv/EnvComponentLoaderPeerConfig.php	0.00%	4 Missing ⚠️
src/Config/SDK/Configuration.php	0.00%	4 Missing ⚠️
src/Config/SDK/Instrumentation.php	0.00%	4 Missing ⚠️
src/API/Configuration/Context.php	0.00%	3 Missing ⚠️
src/API/Configuration/Config/ComponentPlugin.php	0.00%	1 Missing ⚠️
src/API/Configuration/Config/ComponentProvider.php	0.00%	1 Missing ⚠️
...Configuration/Config/ComponentProviderRegistry.php	0.00%	1 Missing ⚠️
... and 4 more

Additional details and impacted files

@@             Coverage Diff              @@
##               main    #1621      +/-   ##
============================================
- Coverage     69.39%   68.62%   -0.77%     
- Complexity     2812     2854      +42     
============================================
  Files           414      425      +11     
  Lines          8594     8699     +105     
============================================
+ Hits           5964     5970       +6     
- Misses         2630     2729      +99     

Flag	Coverage Δ
8.1	68.42% <12.61%> (-0.74%)	⬇️
8.2	68.57% <12.61%> (-0.72%)	⬇️
8.3	?
8.4	?
8.5	68.58% <12.61%> (-0.78%)	⬇️

Flags with carried forward coverage won't be shown. Click here to find out more.

Files with missing lines	Coverage Δ
...Config/SDK/ComponentProvider/Detector/Composer.php	0.00% <ø> (ø)
src/Config/SDK/ComponentProvider/Detector/Host.php	0.00% <ø> (ø)
.../Config/SDK/ComponentProvider/Detector/Process.php	0.00% <ø> (ø)
...der/Instrumentation/General/HttpConfigProvider.php	0.00% <ø> (ø)
...der/Instrumentation/General/PeerConfigProvider.php	0.00% <ø> (ø)
...tProvider/InstrumentationConfigurationRegistry.php	0.00% <ø> (ø)
...omponentProvider/Logs/LogRecordExporterConsole.php	0.00% <ø> (ø)
...ComponentProvider/Logs/LogRecordExporterMemory.php	0.00% <ø> (ø)
...mponentProvider/Logs/LogRecordExporterOtlpFile.php	0.00% <ø> (ø)
...mponentProvider/Logs/LogRecordExporterOtlpGrpc.php	0.00% <ø> (ø)
... and 51 more

... and 4 files with indirect coverage changes

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