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Expand Up @@ -4,77 +4,126 @@ summary: Learn about the basic features of TiDB.
aliases: ['/docs/dev/basic-features/']
---

# TiDB Basic Features

This document introduces the basic features of TiDB.

## Data types

- Numeric types: `BIT`, `BOOL|BOOLEAN`, `SMALLINT`, `MEDIUMINT`, `INT|INTEGER`, `BIGINT`, `FLOAT`, `DOUBLE`, `DECIMAL`.

- Date and time types: `DATE`, `TIME`, `DATETIME`, `TIMESTAMP`, `YEAR`.

- String types: `CHAR`, `VARCHAR`, `TEXT`, `TINYTEXT`, `MEDIUMTEXT`, `LONGTEXT`, `BINARY`, `VARBINARY`, `BLOB`, `TINYBLOB`, `MEDIUMBLOB`, `LONGBLOB`, `ENUM`, `SET`.

- The `JSON` type.

## Operators

- Arithmetic operators, bit operators, comparison operators, logical operators, date and time operators, and so on.

## Character sets and collations

- Character sets: `UTF8`, `UTF8MB4`, `BINARY`, `ASCII`, `LATIN1`.

- Collations: `UTF8MB4_GENERAL_CI`, `UTF8MB4_UNICODE_CI`, `UTF8MB4_GENERAL_BIN`, `UTF8_GENERAL_CI`, `UTF8_UNICODE_CI`, `UTF8_GENERAL_BIN`, `BINARY`.

## Functions

- Control flow functions, string functions, date and time functions, bit functions, data type conversion functions, data encryption and decryption functions, compression and decompression functions, information functions, JSON functions, aggregation functions, window functions, and so on.

## SQL statements

- Fully supports standard Data Definition Language (DDL) statements, such as `CREATE`, `DROP`, `ALTER`, `RENAME`, `TRUNCATE`, and so on.

- Fully supports standard Data Manipulation Language (DML) statements, such as `INSERT`, `REPLACE`, `SELECT`, subqueries, `UPDATE`, `LOAD DATA`, and so on.

- Fully supports standard transactional and locking statements, such as `START TRANSACTION`, `COMMIT`, `ROLLBACK`, `SET TRANSACTION`, and so on.

- Fully supports standard database administration statements, such as `SHOW`, `SET`, and so on.

- Fully supports standard utility statements, such as `DESCRIBE`, `EXPLAIN`, `USE`, and so on.

- Fully supports the `GROUP BY` and `ORDER BY` clauses.

- Fully supports the standard `LEFT OUTER JOIN` and `RIGHT OUTER JOIN` SQL statements.

- Fully supports the standard SQL table and column aliases.

## Partitioning

- Supports Range partitioning
- Supports Hash partitioning

## Views

- Supports general views

## Constraints

- Supports non-empty constraints
- Supports primary key constraints
- Supports unique constraints

## Security

- Supports privilege management based on RBAC (role-based access control)
- Supports password management
- Supports communication and data encryption
- Supports IP allowlist
- Supports audit

## Tools

- Supports fast backup
- Supports data migration from MySQL to TiDB using tools
- Supports deploying and maintaining TiDB using tools
# TiDB Features

The following table provides an overview of the feature development history of TiDB. Note that features under active development may change before final release.

| Data types, functions, and operators | Development | 4.0 | 3.1 | 3.0 | 2.1 |
|--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|:-----:|:---:|:---:|:---:|:---:|
| [Numeric types](/data-type-numeric.md) | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y |
| [Date and time types](/data-type-date-and-time.md) | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y |
| [String types](/data-type-string.md) | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y |
| [JSON type](/data-type-json.md) | Experimental | Experimental | Experimental | Experimental | Experimental |
| [Control flow functions](/functions-and-operators/control-flow-functions.md) | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y |
| [String functions](/functions-and-operators/string-functions.md) | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y |
| [Numeric functions and operators](/functions-and-operators/numeric-functions-and-operators.md) | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y |
| [Date and time functions](/functions-and-operators/date-and-time-functions.md) | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y |
| [Bit functions and operators](/functions-and-operators/bit-functions-and-operators.md) | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y |
| [Cast functions and operators](/functions-and-operators/cast-functions-and-operators.md) | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y |
| [Encryption and compression functions](/functions-and-operators/encryption-and-compression-functions.md) | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y |
| [Information functions](/functions-and-operators/information-functions.md) | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y |
| [JSON functions](/functions-and-operators/json-functions.md) | Experimental | Experimental | Experimental | Experimental | Experimental |
| [Aggregation functions](/functions-and-operators/aggregate-group-by-functions.md) | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y |
| [Window functions](/functions-and-operators/window-functions.md) | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y |
| [Miscellaneous functions](/functions-and-operators/miscellaneous-functions.md) | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y |
| [Operators](/functions-and-operators/operators.md) | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y |
| [**Character sets**](/character-set-and-collation.md) | **Development** | **4.0** | **3.1** | **3.0** | **2.1** |
| `utf8` | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y |
| `utf8mb4` | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y |
| `ascii` [^1] | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y |
| `latin1` | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y |
| `binary` | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y |
| [**Collations**](/character-set-and-collation.md) | **Development** | **4.0** | **3.1** | **3.0** | **2.1** |
| `utf8_bin` | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y |
| `utf8_general_ci` | Experimental | Experimental | N | N | N |
| `utf8_unicode_ci` | Experimental | Experimental | N | N | N |
| `utf8mb4_bin` | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y |
| `utf8mb4_general_ci` | Experimental | Experimental | N | N | N |
| `utf8mb4_unicode_ci` | Experimental | Experimental | N | N | N |
| `ascii_bin` | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y |
| `latin1_bin` | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y |
| `binary` | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y |
| **Indexing and constraints** | **Development** | **4.0** | **3.1** | **3.0** | **2.1** |
| [Expression indexes](/sql-statements/sql-statement-create-index.md#expression-index) | Experimental | Experimental | N | N | N |
| [Columnar storage (TiFlash)](/tiflash/tiflash-overview.md) | Y | Y | Y | N | N |
| [RocksDB engine](/storage-engine/rocksdb-overview.md) | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y |
| [Titan plugin](/storage-engine/titan-overview.md) | Y | Y | Experimental | Experimental | Experimental |
| [Invisible indexes](/sql-statements/sql-statement-add-index.md) | Y | N | N | N | N |
| [Composite `PRIMARY KEY`](/constraints.md) | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y |
| [Unique indexes](/constraints.md) | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y |
| [Clustered index on integer `PRIMARY KEY`](/constraints.md) | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y |
| [Clustered index on composite or non-integer key](/constraints.md) | Experimental | N | N | N | N |
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| **SQL statements** [^2] | **Development** | **4.0** | **3.1** | **3.0** | **2.1** |
| Basic `SELECT`, `INSERT`, `UPDATE`, `DELETE`, `REPLACE` | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y |
| `INSERT ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE` | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y |
| `LOAD DATA INFILE` | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y |
| `SELECT INTO OUTFILE` | Y | Y | N | N | N |
| `INNER JOIN`, `LEFT\|RIGHT [OUTER] JOIN` | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y |
| `UNION`, `UNION ALL` | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y |
| `GROUP BY`, `ORDER BY` | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y |
| `START TRANSACTION`, `COMMIT`, `ROLLBACK` | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y |
| [`EXPLAIN`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-explain.md) | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y |
| [`EXPLAIN ANALYZE`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-explain-analyze.md) | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y |
| **Advanced SQL Features** | **Development** | **4.0** | **3.1** | **3.0** | **2.1** |
| Prepared statement cache | Y | Experimental | N | N | N |
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| [SQL plan management (SPM)](/sql-plan-management.md) | Y | Y | N | N | N |
| [Coprocessor cache](/coprocessor-cache.md) | Y | Experimental | N | N | N |
| [Placement rules](/configure-placement-rules.md) | Y | Experimental | N | N | N |
| [Follower reads](/follower-read.md) | Y | Y | Y | N | N |
| [Read historical data (tidb_snapshot)](/read-historical-data.md) | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y |
| [Optimizer hints](/optimizer-hints.md) | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y |
| **Data definition language (DDL)** | **Development** | **4.0** | **3.1** | **3.0** | **2.1** |
| Basic `CREATE`, `DROP`, `ALTER`, `RENAME`, `TRUNCATE` | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y |
| [Generated columns](/generated-columns.md) | Experimental | Experimental | Experimental | Experimental | Experimental |
| [Views](/views.md) | Y | Y | Y | Y | N |
| [Sequences](/sql-statements/sql-statement-create-sequence.md) | Y | Y | N | N | N |
| [Auto increment](/auto-increment.md) | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y |
| [Auto random](/auto-random.md) | Y | Y | N | N | N |
| DDL algorithm assertions | Y | Y | N | N | N |
| Multi schema change: add column(s) | Y | N | N | N | N |
| **Transactions** | **Development** | **4.0** | **3.1** | **3.0** | **2.1** |
| Async commit | Y | N | N | N | N |
| Large transactions (10GB) | Y | Y | N | N | N |
| [Pessimistic transactions](/pessimistic-transaction.md) | Y | Y | Y | Y | Experimental |
| [Optimistic transactions](/optimistic-transaction.md) | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y |
| [Repeatable-read isolation (snapshot isolation)](/transaction-isolation-levels.md) | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y |
| [Read-committed isolation](/transaction-isolation-levels.md) | Y | Y | N | N | N |
| **Partitioning** | **Development** | **4.0** | **3.1** | **3.0** | **2.1** |
| [Range partitioning](/partitioned-table.md) | Y | Y | Y | Y | N |
| [Hash partitioning](/partitioned-table.md) | Y | Y | Y | Y | N |
| **Statistics** | **Development** | **4.0** | **3.1** | **3.0** | **2.1** |
| [CMSketch](/statistics.md) | Deprecated | Y | Y | Y | Y |
| [Histograms](/statistics.md) | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y |
| [Extended statistics (multiple columns)](/statistics.md) | Experimental | N | N | N | N |
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| **Security** | **Development** | **4.0** | **3.1** | **3.0** | **2.1** |
| [Transparent layer security (TLS)](/enable-tls-between-clients-and-servers.md) | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y |
| [Encryption at rest (TDE)](/encryption-at-rest.md) | Y | Y | N | N | N |
| [Role-based authentication (RBAC)](/role-based-access-control.md) | Y | Y | Y | Y | N |
| [Certificate-based authentication](/certificate-authentication.md) | Y | Y | Y | Y | N |
| Support for MySQL 8.0 clients | Y | Y | N | N | N |
| [MySQL compatible `GRANT` system](/privilege-management.md) | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y |
| Auditing | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y |
| **Data import and export** | **Development** | **4.0** | **3.1** | **3.0** | **2.1** |
| [Fast Importer (TiDB Lightning)](/tidb-lightning/tidb-lightning-overview.md) | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y |
| [mydumper logical dumper](/mydumper-overview.md) | Deprecated | Deprecated | Y | Y | Y |
| [Dumpling logical dumper](/dumpling-overview.md) | Y | Y | N | N | N |
| [Transactional `LOAD DATA`](/sql-statements/sql-statement-load-data.md) | Y | N | N | N | N |
| [Database migration toolkit (DM)](/migration-overview.md) | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y |
| [TiDB Binlog](/tidb-binlog/tidb-binlog-overview.md) | Deprecated | Deprecated | Y | Y | Y |
| [Change data capture (CDC)](/ticdc/ticdc-overview.md) | Y | Y | N | N | N |
| **Management, observability and tools** | **Development** | **4.0** | **3.1** | **3.0** | **2.1** |
| [TiDB Dashboard](/dashboard/dashboard-intro.md) | Y | Y | N | N | N |
| [SQL diagnostics](/information-schema/information-schema-sql-diagnostics.md) | Experimental | Experimental | N | N | N |
| [Information schema](/information-schema/information-schema.md) | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y |
| [Metrics schema](/metrics-schema.md) | Y | Y | N | N | N |
| [Statements summary tables](/statement-summary-tables.md) | Y | Y | N | N | N |
| [Slow query log](/identify-slow-queries.md) | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y |
| [TiUP deployment](/tiup/tiup-overview.md) | Y | Y | N | N | N |
| [Ansible deployment](/online-deployment-using-ansible.md) | Deprecated | Deprecated | Y | Y | Y |
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| [Kubernetes operator](https://docs.pingcap.com/tidb-in-kubernetes/) | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y |
| [Built-in physical backup](/br/backup-and-restore-use-cases.md) | Y | Y | N | N | N |
| Point in time recovery (PITR) | Planned | N | N | N | N |
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[^1]: TiDB incorrectly treats latin1 as a subset of utf8. See [TiDB #18955](https://github.com/pingcap/tidb/issues/18955) for more details.
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[^2]: See [Statement Reference](/sql-statements/sql-statement-select.md) for a full list of SQL statements supported.