ddl: enable modify column on partitioned table (#40634)

[ti-chi-bot]

This is an automated cherry-pick of #40634

What problem does this PR solve?

Issue Number: close #38297 ref #39915 close #57780

Similar to #39922

Problem Summary:
There were an issue (#39915) with modify column on partitioned tables, which caused a revert. This will add that code back and include a fix (reset the PhysicaTablelD).

What is changed and how it works?

Check List

Tests

• Unit test
• Integration test
• Manual test (add detailed scripts or steps below)
• No code

Side effects

• Performance regression: Consumes more CPU
• Performance regression: Consumes more Memory
• Breaking backward compatibility

Documentation

• Affects user behaviors
• Contains syntax changes
• Contains variable changes
• Contains experimental features
• Changes MySQL compatibility

Release note

Please refer to Release Notes Language Style Guide to write a quality release note.

None

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[ti-chi-bot]

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