build: update for uv project management

[tlambert03]

closes #248
closes #243

no big changes here, slight updating of minimum pins, and better general testing of minimum stated deps.
New extras for Qt dependencies (before, our supported Qt matrix was implicit in the CI, now it's available as an extra)

[codecov]

Codecov Report

✅ All modified and coverable lines are covered by tests.
✅ Project coverage is 99.79%. Comparing base (c038343) to head (522138b).
⚠️ Report is 15 commits behind head on main.

Additional details and impacted files

@@             Coverage Diff             @@
##              main     #250      +/-   ##
===========================================
- Coverage   100.00%   99.79%   -0.21%     
===========================================
  Files           31       31              
  Lines         1923     1905      -18     
===========================================
- Hits          1923     1901      -22     
- Misses           0        4       +4     

☔ View full report in Codecov by Sentry.
📢 Have feedback on the report? Share it here.

🚀 New features to boost your workflow:

• ❄️ Test Analytics: Detect flaky tests, report on failures, and find test suite problems.