feat(install): improve robustness, error handling, and internationalization

[naoNao89]

1. Safe argument validation (prevents panics)
2. Signal exit codes per POSIX (128+signal)
3. Full i18n (all debug messages translated)

GNU compliant: https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man1/install.1.html
Covers error paths, maintains backward compatibility.

[github-actions]

GNU testsuite comparison:

GNU test failed: tests/install/install-Z-selinux. tests/install/install-Z-selinux is passing on 'main'. Maybe you have to rebase?

[codspeed-hq]

CodSpeed Performance Report

Merging #9451 will not alter performance

_{Comparing naoNao89:feature/install-strip-safe-handling (f0feb98) with main (b3d05b6)¹}

Summary

✅ 127 untouched
⏩ 6 skipped²

Footnotes

1. No successful run was found on main (f43602d) during the generation of this report, so b3d05b6 was used instead as the comparison base. There might be some changes unrelated to this pull request in this report. ↩

2. 6 benchmarks were skipped, so the baseline results were used instead. If they were deleted from the codebase, click here and archive them to remove them from the performance reports. ↩

[github-actions]

GNU testsuite comparison:

GNU test failed: tests/install/install-Z-selinux. tests/install/install-Z-selinux is passing on 'main'. Maybe you have to rebase?
Skip an intermittent issue tests/misc/tee (fails in this run but passes in the 'main' branch)

[github-actions]

GNU testsuite comparison:

GNU test failed: tests/install/install-Z-selinux. tests/install/install-Z-selinux is passing on 'main'. Maybe you have to rebase?

[github-actions]

GNU testsuite comparison:

GNU test failed: tests/install/install-Z-selinux. tests/install/install-Z-selinux is passing on 'main'. Maybe you have to rebase?
Skipping an intermittent issue tests/tail/overlay-headers (passes in this run but fails in the 'main' branch)

[github-actions]

GNU testsuite comparison:

Skipping an intermittent issue tests/misc/tee (passes in this run but fails in the 'main' branch)

[sylvestre]

this pr is doing too many things in parallel
it is possible to split it a bit ? thanks

[naoNao89]

i don't know why i rebased from upstream, but it always uses my fork, and my fork doesn't have these on the main branch

[naoNao89]

hmm, the PR shows 11 commits only on the browser, after used Ctrl + Shift + R, and now it only shows 1 commit. The gh command also shows just 1 commit