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[core] Make stepContext a global singleton to protect against module duplication and caching issues#1591

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VaguelySerious merged 2 commits intomainfrom
peter/issue-1577
Apr 3, 2026
Merged

[core] Make stepContext a global singleton to protect against module duplication and caching issues#1591
VaguelySerious merged 2 commits intomainfrom
peter/issue-1577

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@VaguelySerious VaguelySerious commented Apr 2, 2026 •
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Summary

  • Fixes getWorkflowMetadata()/getStepMetadata() throwing "can only be called inside a workflow or step function" when called from a helper function outside the step body on Vercel deployments
  • Makes the step context AsyncLocalStorage a process-wide singleton via Symbol.for() on globalThis, preventing dual-instance issues when bundlers create multiple copies of the module
  • Adds unit tests for the singleton behavior and e2e regression test matching the exact repro pattern from the issue

Closes #1577
Closes #839

Test plan

  • Unit tests for singleton behavior (context-storage.test.ts)
  • E2e regression test (metadataFromHelperWorkflow) matching the exact repro pattern
  • All 563 existing core tests pass
  • CI passes
  • Vercel preview deployment validates the fix on actual Vercel infrastructure

🤖 Generated with Claude Code

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changeset-bot Bot commented Apr 2, 2026 •
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🦋 Changeset detected

Latest commit: c7b37f7

The changes in this PR will be included in the next version bump.

This PR includes changesets to release 16 packages
Name Type
@workflow/core Patch
@workflow/builders Patch
@workflow/cli Patch
@workflow/next Patch
@workflow/nitro Patch
@workflow/vitest Patch
@workflow/web-shared Patch
workflow Patch
@workflow/world-testing Patch
@workflow/astro Patch
@workflow/nest Patch
@workflow/rollup Patch
@workflow/sveltekit Patch
@workflow/vite Patch
@workflow/nuxt Patch
@workflow/ai Patch

Not sure what this means? Click here to learn what changesets are.

Click here if you're a maintainer who wants to add another changeset to this PR

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🧪 E2E Test Results

❌ Some tests failed

Summary

Passed Failed Skipped Total
✅ ▲ Vercel Production 868 0 67 935
✅ 💻 Local Development 842 0 178 1020
✅ 📦 Local Production 842 0 178 1020
✅ 🐘 Local Postgres 842 0 178 1020
✅ 🪟 Windows 77 0 8 85
❌ 🌍 Community Worlds 135 60 24 219
✅ 📋 Other 213 0 42 255
Total 3819 60 675 4554

❌ Failed Tests

🌍 Community Worlds (60 failed)

mongodb (2 failed):

  • hookWorkflow is not resumable via public webhook endpoint | wrun_01KNA8R0MP137B0BFAYTB23WRN
  • concurrent hook token conflict - two workflows cannot use the same hook token simultaneously | wrun_01KNA905WE7VYATFER855KKR3B

redis (2 failed):

  • hookWorkflow is not resumable via public webhook endpoint | wrun_01KNA8R0MP137B0BFAYTB23WRN
  • concurrent hook token conflict - two workflows cannot use the same hook token simultaneously | wrun_01KNA905WE7VYATFER855KKR3B

turso (56 failed):

  • addTenWorkflow | wrun_01KNA8PSR8BV0BRRTEGDGMJW3Y
  • addTenWorkflow | wrun_01KNA8PSR8BV0BRRTEGDGMJW3Y
  • wellKnownAgentWorkflow (.well-known/agent) | wrun_01KNA8R1E1V69600F59XX770B9
  • should work with react rendering in step
  • promiseAllWorkflow | wrun_01KNA8Q1V00RSKR61VMZXF6HBY
  • promiseRaceWorkflow | wrun_01KNA8Q6GJ5XNH30DGT9FGYGZJ
  • promiseAnyWorkflow | wrun_01KNA8Q8VAXBS02KW9FN8HHKNW
  • importedStepOnlyWorkflow | wrun_01KNA8RD46079T8ZP2DBMWMAE6
  • hookWorkflow | wrun_01KNA8QN5EW19DJDVVT6W72RJX
  • hookWorkflow is not resumable via public webhook endpoint | wrun_01KNA8R0MP137B0BFAYTB23WRN
  • webhookWorkflow | wrun_01KNA8R9K4MV9NGGTP9JY1KHTR
  • sleepingWorkflow | wrun_01KNA8RGTV7JZAC804VV53B1T5
  • parallelSleepWorkflow | wrun_01KNA8RWHX1A2DEYBFEBBHRANS
  • nullByteWorkflow | wrun_01KNA8S03YNF0MP52QJ97GG52W
  • workflowAndStepMetadataWorkflow | wrun_01KNA8S2WMTBY7G23YRF9XRM11
  • fetchWorkflow | wrun_01KNA8VTB6REGAC6K9YNJG0TE6
  • promiseRaceStressTestWorkflow | wrun_01KNA8VY2ETV7VGTT20F22CA4F
  • error handling error propagation workflow errors nested function calls preserve message and stack trace
  • error handling error propagation workflow errors cross-file imports preserve message and stack trace
  • error handling error propagation step errors basic step error preserves message and stack trace
  • error handling error propagation step errors cross-file step error preserves message and function names in stack
  • error handling retry behavior regular Error retries until success
  • error handling retry behavior FatalError fails immediately without retries
  • error handling retry behavior RetryableError respects custom retryAfter delay
  • error handling retry behavior maxRetries=0 disables retries
  • error handling catchability FatalError can be caught and detected with FatalError.is()
  • error handling not registered WorkflowNotRegisteredError fails the run when workflow does not exist
  • error handling not registered StepNotRegisteredError fails the step but workflow can catch it
  • error handling not registered StepNotRegisteredError fails the run when not caught in workflow
  • hookCleanupTestWorkflow - hook token reuse after workflow completion | wrun_01KNA8ZG05TQ0ESM6QT6FVPQAM
  • concurrent hook token conflict - two workflows cannot use the same hook token simultaneously | wrun_01KNA905WE7VYATFER855KKR3B
  • hookDisposeTestWorkflow - hook token reuse after explicit disposal while workflow still running | wrun_01KNA90VXC65PJRXW850ZWCDVV
  • stepFunctionPassingWorkflow - step function references can be passed as arguments (without closure vars) | wrun_01KNA91GKKATQN0MAN4GW4Q1CC
  • stepFunctionWithClosureWorkflow - step function with closure variables passed as argument | wrun_01KNA91SX9G5918KQJ3W92ANV5
  • closureVariableWorkflow - nested step functions with closure variables | wrun_01KNA91ZHT69WGWTB0DM83620N
  • spawnWorkflowFromStepWorkflow - spawning a child workflow using start() inside a step | wrun_01KNA921X0FQ1W7CZR6WCVKAQ6
  • health check (queue-based) - workflow and step endpoints respond to health check messages
  • pathsAliasWorkflow - TypeScript path aliases resolve correctly | wrun_01KNA92JDFF7A7C81HY30BJ5GQ
  • Calculator.calculate - static workflow method using static step methods from another class | wrun_01KNA92RD7TJVY2BY0MAEM3MJA
  • AllInOneService.processNumber - static workflow method using sibling static step methods | wrun_01KNA92ZB093DYKM5WCYGS43K0
  • ChainableService.processWithThis - static step methods using this to reference the class | wrun_01KNA9367D3AWWH54XXC0KN21C
  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply() | wrun_01KNA93D782JBVZNT411ZC36B4
  • customSerializationWorkflow - custom class serialization with WORKFLOW_SERIALIZE/WORKFLOW_DESERIALIZE | wrun_01KNA93M6REYABQVMW11NKCK7A
  • instanceMethodStepWorkflow - instance methods with "use step" directive | wrun_01KNA93W6B3NK2YHSGTRPCZF5N
  • crossContextSerdeWorkflow - classes defined in step code are deserializable in workflow context | wrun_01KNA947T5YM7MHVRF24F8W7H9
  • stepFunctionAsStartArgWorkflow - step function reference passed as start() argument | wrun_01KNA94FY7D8681ZRW0JPXX04P
  • cancelRun - cancelling a running workflow | wrun_01KNA94PS7RKXFHEWH3ZP902NG
  • cancelRun via CLI - cancelling a running workflow | wrun_01KNA950982GN8S3FHJR2JJ638
  • pages router addTenWorkflow via pages router
  • pages router promiseAllWorkflow via pages router
  • pages router sleepingWorkflow via pages router
  • hookWithSleepWorkflow - hook payloads delivered correctly with concurrent sleep | wrun_01KNA95CWKQXD34X0AFRW7K5FC
  • sleepInLoopWorkflow - sleep inside loop with steps actually delays each iteration | wrun_01KNA963GP477F5P4CXR5FDNR5
  • sleepWithSequentialStepsWorkflow - sequential steps work with concurrent sleep (control) | wrun_01KNA96DW29SEZWN6AP9E5TMV5
  • importMetaUrlWorkflow - import.meta.url is available in step bundles | wrun_01KNA96P2FY8CP9AJHWN281D2V
  • metadataFromHelperWorkflow - getWorkflowMetadata/getStepMetadata work from module-level helper (#1577) | wrun_01KNA96RBKDFHPH1609GNGNN8K

Details by Category

✅ ▲ Vercel Production
App Passed Failed Skipped
✅ astro 78 0 7
✅ example 78 0 7
✅ express 78 0 7
✅ fastify 78 0 7
✅ hono 78 0 7
✅ nextjs-turbopack 83 0 2
✅ nextjs-webpack 83 0 2
✅ nitro 78 0 7
✅ nuxt 78 0 7
✅ sveltekit 78 0 7
✅ vite 78 0 7
✅ 💻 Local Development
App Passed Failed Skipped
✅ astro-stable 71 0 14
✅ express-stable 71 0 14
✅ fastify-stable 71 0 14
✅ hono-stable 71 0 14
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary 60 0 25
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable 77 0 8
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary 60 0 25
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable 77 0 8
✅ nitro-stable 71 0 14
✅ nuxt-stable 71 0 14
✅ sveltekit-stable 71 0 14
✅ vite-stable 71 0 14
✅ 📦 Local Production
App Passed Failed Skipped
✅ astro-stable 71 0 14
✅ express-stable 71 0 14
✅ fastify-stable 71 0 14
✅ hono-stable 71 0 14
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary 60 0 25
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable 77 0 8
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary 60 0 25
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable 77 0 8
✅ nitro-stable 71 0 14
✅ nuxt-stable 71 0 14
✅ sveltekit-stable 71 0 14
✅ vite-stable 71 0 14
✅ 🐘 Local Postgres
App Passed Failed Skipped
✅ astro-stable 71 0 14
✅ express-stable 71 0 14
✅ fastify-stable 71 0 14
✅ hono-stable 71 0 14
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary 60 0 25
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable 77 0 8
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary 60 0 25
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable 77 0 8
✅ nitro-stable 71 0 14
✅ nuxt-stable 71 0 14
✅ sveltekit-stable 71 0 14
✅ vite-stable 71 0 14
✅ 🪟 Windows
App Passed Failed Skipped
✅ nextjs-turbopack 77 0 8
❌ 🌍 Community Worlds
App Passed Failed Skipped
✅ mongodb-dev 5 0 0
❌ mongodb 58 2 8
✅ redis-dev 5 0 0
❌ redis 58 2 8
✅ turso-dev 5 0 0
❌ turso 4 56 8
✅ 📋 Other
App Passed Failed Skipped
✅ e2e-local-dev-nest-stable 71 0 14
✅ e2e-local-postgres-nest-stable 71 0 14
✅ e2e-local-prod-nest-stable 71 0 14

📋 View full workflow run

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📊 Benchmark Results

📈 Comparing against baseline from main branch. Green 🟢 = faster, Red 🔺 = slower.

workflow with no steps

💻 Local Development

World Framework Workflow Time Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
💻 Local 🥇 Express 0.042s (-1.6%) 1.005s (~) 0.963s 10 1.00x
💻 Local Nitro 0.043s (-16.5% 🟢) 1.005s (~) 0.962s 10 1.02x
💻 Local Next.js (Turbopack) 0.049s 1.005s 0.957s 10 1.15x
🌐 Redis Next.js (Turbopack) 0.054s 1.005s 0.951s 10 1.28x
🐘 Postgres Next.js (Turbopack) 0.058s 1.011s 0.953s 10 1.36x
🐘 Postgres Express 0.059s (-11.0% 🟢) 1.011s (~) 0.952s 10 1.40x
🐘 Postgres Nitro 0.060s (+4.7%) 1.011s (~) 0.950s 10 1.42x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World Framework Workflow Time Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
▲ Vercel 🥇 Express 0.442s (-10.8% 🟢) 2.431s (-4.1%) 1.989s 10 1.00x
▲ Vercel Next.js (Turbopack) 0.585s (-8.9% 🟢) 2.712s (+11.1% 🔺) 2.127s 10 1.32x
▲ Vercel Nitro ⚠️ missing - - - -

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 1 step

💻 Local Development

World Framework Workflow Time Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
💻 Local 🥇 Nitro 1.127s (-1.3%) 2.006s (~) 0.879s 10 1.00x
🌐 Redis Next.js (Turbopack) 1.127s 2.007s 0.879s 10 1.00x
💻 Local Express 1.131s (~) 2.006s (~) 0.875s 10 1.00x
💻 Local Next.js (Turbopack) 1.134s 2.006s 0.872s 10 1.01x
🐘 Postgres Next.js (Turbopack) 1.138s 2.011s 0.873s 10 1.01x
🐘 Postgres Express 1.144s (~) 2.011s (~) 0.866s 10 1.02x
🐘 Postgres Nitro 1.151s (~) 2.009s (~) 0.858s 10 1.02x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World Framework Workflow Time Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
▲ Vercel 🥇 Express 2.103s (-0.7%) 3.676s (-4.9%) 1.573s 10 1.00x
▲ Vercel Next.js (Turbopack) 2.395s (+5.6% 🔺) 4.038s (+12.7% 🔺) 1.643s 10 1.14x
▲ Vercel Nitro ⚠️ missing - - - -

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 10 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World Framework Workflow Time Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
💻 Local 🥇 Next.js (Turbopack) 10.820s 11.024s 0.203s 3 1.00x
🐘 Postgres Next.js (Turbopack) 10.821s 11.018s 0.197s 3 1.00x
🌐 Redis Next.js (Turbopack) 10.870s 11.026s 0.156s 3 1.00x
🐘 Postgres Nitro 10.876s (~) 11.023s (~) 0.147s 3 1.01x
🐘 Postgres Express 10.904s (~) 11.023s (~) 0.119s 3 1.01x
💻 Local Nitro 10.920s (-0.9%) 11.024s (-2.9%) 0.104s 3 1.01x
💻 Local Express 10.944s (~) 11.023s (~) 0.080s 3 1.01x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World Framework Workflow Time Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
▲ Vercel 🥇 Express 18.278s (+6.5% 🔺) 19.811s (+3.7%) 1.533s 2 1.00x
▲ Vercel Next.js (Turbopack) 19.079s (+3.9%) 21.213s (+5.5% 🔺) 2.134s 2 1.04x
▲ Vercel Nitro ⚠️ missing - - - -

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 25 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World Framework Workflow Time Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
🌐 Redis 🥇 Next.js (Turbopack) 14.358s 15.031s 0.673s 4 1.00x
🐘 Postgres Next.js (Turbopack) 14.417s 15.021s 0.604s 4 1.00x
🐘 Postgres Nitro 14.491s (~) 15.021s (~) 0.530s 4 1.01x
🐘 Postgres Express 14.605s (~) 15.022s (~) 0.417s 4 1.02x
💻 Local Next.js (Turbopack) 14.636s 15.030s 0.394s 4 1.02x
💻 Local Nitro 14.995s (-1.4%) 15.279s (-4.7%) 0.285s 4 1.04x
💻 Local Express 15.040s (+0.6%) 15.529s (+3.3%) 0.489s 4 1.05x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World Framework Workflow Time Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
▲ Vercel 🥇 Next.js (Turbopack) 32.642s (-3.3%) 34.633s (-2.1%) 1.991s 2 1.00x
▲ Vercel Express 33.028s (+4.3%) 34.675s (+4.0%) 1.647s 2 1.01x
▲ Vercel Nitro ⚠️ missing - - - -

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Express

workflow with 50 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World Framework Workflow Time Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
🌐 Redis 🥇 Next.js (Turbopack) 13.633s 14.027s 0.395s 7 1.00x
🐘 Postgres Next.js (Turbopack) 13.639s 14.021s 0.383s 7 1.00x
🐘 Postgres Nitro 13.747s (-1.8%) 14.021s (-3.9%) 0.274s 7 1.01x
🐘 Postgres Express 14.084s (~) 15.022s (+3.9%) 0.938s 6 1.03x
💻 Local Next.js (Turbopack) 16.070s 16.864s 0.794s 6 1.18x
💻 Local Nitro 16.915s (-1.4%) 17.031s (-5.6% 🟢) 0.116s 6 1.24x
💻 Local Express 16.928s (+1.5%) 17.364s (+2.0%) 0.436s 6 1.24x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World Framework Workflow Time Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
▲ Vercel 🥇 Express 51.581s (-1.5%) 53.389s (-1.2%) 1.807s 2 1.00x
▲ Vercel Next.js (Turbopack) 56.153s (+3.1%) 58.058s (+4.7%) 1.905s 2 1.09x
▲ Vercel Nitro ⚠️ missing - - - -

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.all with 10 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World Framework Workflow Time Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres 🥇 Next.js (Turbopack) 1.231s 2.011s 0.780s 15 1.00x
🐘 Postgres Express 1.262s (~) 2.014s (~) 0.751s 15 1.03x
🐘 Postgres Nitro 1.280s (+1.6%) 2.011s (~) 0.730s 15 1.04x
🌐 Redis Next.js (Turbopack) 1.304s 2.007s 0.703s 15 1.06x
💻 Local Express 1.493s (-3.1%) 2.005s (~) 0.512s 15 1.21x
💻 Local Next.js (Turbopack) 1.520s 2.006s 0.485s 15 1.24x
💻 Local Nitro 1.530s (-2.3%) 2.005s (~) 0.475s 15 1.24x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World Framework Workflow Time Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
▲ Vercel 🥇 Express 2.281s (-3.5%) 3.940s (-2.5%) 1.659s 8 1.00x
▲ Vercel Next.js (Turbopack) 2.427s (-12.8% 🟢) 3.943s (+1.5%) 1.516s 8 1.06x
▲ Vercel Nitro ⚠️ missing - - - -

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.all with 25 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World Framework Workflow Time Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres 🥇 Nitro 2.306s (-0.8%) 3.009s (~) 0.703s 10 1.00x
🐘 Postgres Express 2.336s (~) 3.012s (~) 0.675s 10 1.01x
🐘 Postgres Next.js (Turbopack) 2.383s 3.010s 0.627s 10 1.03x
🌐 Redis Next.js (Turbopack) 2.625s 3.009s 0.384s 10 1.14x
💻 Local Next.js (Turbopack) 2.834s 3.209s 0.375s 10 1.23x
💻 Local Express 2.871s (-7.7% 🟢) 3.309s (-17.5% 🟢) 0.437s 10 1.25x
💻 Local Nitro 2.942s (-5.7% 🟢) 3.761s (-3.2%) 0.819s 8 1.28x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World Framework Workflow Time Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
▲ Vercel 🥇 Next.js (Turbopack) 2.969s (-4.5%) 4.357s (-3.8%) 1.388s 8 1.00x
▲ Vercel Express 3.732s (+21.9% 🔺) 5.491s (+15.7% 🔺) 1.759s 6 1.26x
▲ Vercel Nitro ⚠️ missing - - - -

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Express

Promise.all with 50 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World Framework Workflow Time Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres 🥇 Nitro 3.459s (~) 4.009s (~) 0.551s 8 1.00x
🐘 Postgres Express 3.470s (~) 4.013s (~) 0.543s 8 1.00x
🐘 Postgres Next.js (Turbopack) 3.644s 4.013s 0.369s 8 1.05x
🌐 Redis Next.js (Turbopack) 4.236s 5.012s 0.776s 6 1.22x
💻 Local Next.js (Turbopack) 8.095s 8.769s 0.675s 4 2.34x
💻 Local Nitro 8.464s (+1.0%) 9.020s (~) 0.556s 4 2.45x
💻 Local Express 8.738s (+7.2% 🔺) 9.275s (+2.8%) 0.537s 4 2.53x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World Framework Workflow Time Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
▲ Vercel 🥇 Express 3.913s (+1.8%) 5.535s (~) 1.622s 6 1.00x
▲ Vercel Next.js (Turbopack) 3.933s (-5.0% 🟢) 5.352s (-6.7% 🟢) 1.419s 6 1.01x
▲ Vercel Nitro ⚠️ missing - - - -

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.race with 10 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World Framework Workflow Time Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres 🥇 Next.js (Turbopack) 1.219s 2.010s 0.791s 15 1.00x
🐘 Postgres Nitro 1.245s (-1.0%) 2.009s (~) 0.764s 15 1.02x
🐘 Postgres Express 1.259s (~) 2.010s (~) 0.751s 15 1.03x
🌐 Redis Next.js (Turbopack) 1.313s 2.007s 0.694s 15 1.08x
💻 Local Express 1.515s (-1.8%) 2.006s (~) 0.492s 15 1.24x
💻 Local Next.js (Turbopack) 1.537s 2.006s 0.469s 15 1.26x
💻 Local Nitro 1.560s (~) 2.006s (~) 0.446s 15 1.28x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World Framework Workflow Time Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
▲ Vercel 🥇 Next.js (Turbopack) 2.223s (-1.0%) 3.944s (+9.6% 🔺) 1.721s 8 1.00x
▲ Vercel Express 2.479s (+0.5%) 4.147s (~) 1.667s 8 1.12x
▲ Vercel Nitro ⚠️ missing - - - -

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Express

Promise.race with 25 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World Framework Workflow Time Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres 🥇 Nitro 2.316s (~) 3.009s (~) 0.693s 10 1.00x
🐘 Postgres Express 2.338s (~) 3.012s (~) 0.674s 10 1.01x
🐘 Postgres Next.js (Turbopack) 2.374s 3.011s 0.636s 10 1.03x
🌐 Redis Next.js (Turbopack) 2.552s 3.008s 0.456s 10 1.10x
💻 Local Next.js (Turbopack) 2.912s 3.564s 0.652s 9 1.26x
💻 Local Express 3.031s (-2.5%) 3.760s (-3.2%) 0.729s 8 1.31x
💻 Local Nitro 3.212s (~) 4.010s (+3.2%) 0.798s 8 1.39x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World Framework Workflow Time Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
▲ Vercel 🥇 Express 2.525s (-2.5%) 3.989s (+0.9%) 1.464s 8 1.00x
▲ Vercel Next.js (Turbopack) 3.402s (+16.8% 🔺) 5.045s (+26.3% 🔺) 1.643s 6 1.35x
▲ Vercel Nitro ⚠️ missing - - - -

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.race with 50 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World Framework Workflow Time Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres 🥇 Express 3.473s (~) 4.010s (~) 0.538s 8 1.00x
🐘 Postgres Nitro 3.475s (~) 4.010s (~) 0.536s 8 1.00x
🐘 Postgres Next.js (Turbopack) 3.657s 4.013s 0.356s 8 1.05x
🌐 Redis Next.js (Turbopack) 4.134s 5.012s 0.878s 6 1.19x
💻 Local Next.js (Turbopack) 8.223s 8.769s 0.546s 4 2.37x
💻 Local Nitro 9.022s (+0.8%) 9.771s (+5.4% 🔺) 0.750s 4 2.60x
💻 Local Express 9.027s (~) 9.522s (~) 0.495s 4 2.60x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World Framework Workflow Time Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
▲ Vercel 🥇 Express 3.514s (+5.2% 🔺) 5.167s (+7.1% 🔺) 1.653s 6 1.00x
▲ Vercel Next.js (Turbopack) 4.218s (+14.7% 🔺) 6.120s (+19.3% 🔺) 1.902s 5 1.20x
▲ Vercel Nitro ⚠️ missing - - - -

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 10 sequential data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World Framework Workflow Time Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
🌐 Redis 🥇 Next.js (Turbopack) 0.769s 1.005s 0.236s 60 1.00x
🐘 Postgres Next.js (Turbopack) 0.788s 1.023s 0.235s 59 1.02x
🐘 Postgres Nitro 0.813s (-1.7%) 1.007s (~) 0.194s 60 1.06x
💻 Local Next.js (Turbopack) 0.845s 1.005s 0.159s 60 1.10x
🐘 Postgres Express 0.849s (~) 1.007s (~) 0.159s 60 1.10x
💻 Local Express 1.004s (+0.6%) 1.338s (-6.0% 🟢) 0.334s 45 1.31x
💻 Local Nitro 1.009s (-1.6%) 1.611s (-15.8% 🟢) 0.602s 38 1.31x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World Framework Workflow Time Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
▲ Vercel 🥇 Express 9.044s (-7.8% 🟢) 10.959s (-9.2% 🟢) 1.914s 6 1.00x
▲ Vercel Next.js (Turbopack) 10.069s (-1.7%) 12.322s (+3.9%) 2.253s 6 1.11x
▲ Vercel Nitro ⚠️ missing - - - -

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 25 sequential data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World Framework Workflow Time Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
🌐 Redis 🥇 Next.js (Turbopack) 1.790s 2.006s 0.217s 45 1.00x
🐘 Postgres Next.js (Turbopack) 1.872s 2.076s 0.204s 44 1.05x
🐘 Postgres Nitro 1.915s (-2.4%) 2.054s (-4.6%) 0.138s 44 1.07x
🐘 Postgres Express 1.982s (-2.0%) 2.342s (-12.8% 🟢) 0.360s 39 1.11x
💻 Local Next.js (Turbopack) 2.690s 3.008s 0.318s 30 1.50x
💻 Local Express 3.045s (+1.0%) 3.586s (-0.6%) 0.541s 26 1.70x
💻 Local Nitro 3.060s (-0.9%) 3.801s (-5.2% 🟢) 0.741s 24 1.71x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World Framework Workflow Time Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
▲ Vercel 🥇 Express 27.192s (-9.8% 🟢) 29.080s (-9.1% 🟢) 1.888s 4 1.00x
▲ Vercel Next.js (Turbopack) 29.273s (-2.7%) 31.220s (-1.4%) 1.947s 3 1.08x
▲ Vercel Nitro ⚠️ missing - - - -

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 50 sequential data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World Framework Workflow Time Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
🌐 Redis 🥇 Next.js (Turbopack) 3.604s 4.009s 0.405s 30 1.00x
🐘 Postgres Next.js (Turbopack) 3.697s 4.011s 0.314s 30 1.03x
🐘 Postgres Nitro 3.883s (-3.4%) 4.110s (-9.3% 🟢) 0.227s 30 1.08x
🐘 Postgres Express 4.138s (+2.0%) 4.931s (+3.1%) 0.794s 25 1.15x
💻 Local Next.js (Turbopack) 8.702s 9.018s 0.315s 14 2.41x
💻 Local Nitro 9.194s (-2.3%) 10.019s (~) 0.825s 12 2.55x
💻 Local Express 9.350s (+2.3%) 9.787s (+1.6%) 0.437s 13 2.59x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World Framework Workflow Time Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
▲ Vercel 🥇 Express 71.160s (-14.8% 🟢) 72.955s (-15.0% 🟢) 1.795s 2 1.00x
▲ Vercel Next.js (Turbopack) 77.068s (-7.9% 🟢) 78.794s (-8.3% 🟢) 1.726s 2 1.08x
▲ Vercel Nitro ⚠️ missing - - - -

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 10 concurrent data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World Framework Workflow Time Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres 🥇 Next.js (Turbopack) 0.252s 1.008s 0.756s 60 1.00x
🐘 Postgres Nitro 0.284s (+3.9%) 1.008s (~) 0.724s 60 1.13x
🐘 Postgres Express 0.284s (+2.0%) 1.008s (~) 0.724s 60 1.13x
🌐 Redis Next.js (Turbopack) 0.295s 1.005s 0.710s 60 1.17x
💻 Local Next.js (Turbopack) 0.587s 1.005s 0.418s 60 2.33x
💻 Local Express 0.605s (+4.0%) 1.005s (~) 0.400s 60 2.40x
💻 Local Nitro 0.606s (-11.3% 🟢) 1.005s (-3.4%) 0.399s 60 2.40x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World Framework Workflow Time Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
▲ Vercel 🥇 Next.js (Turbopack) 1.882s (-5.6% 🟢) 3.495s (-8.7% 🟢) 1.612s 18 1.00x
▲ Vercel Express 1.933s (+22.6% 🔺) 3.342s (+7.7% 🔺) 1.409s 18 1.03x
▲ Vercel Nitro ⚠️ missing - - - -

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Express

workflow with 25 concurrent data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World Framework Workflow Time Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres 🥇 Next.js (Turbopack) 0.469s 1.007s 0.538s 90 1.00x
🐘 Postgres Nitro 0.487s (~) 1.007s (~) 0.520s 90 1.04x
🐘 Postgres Express 0.494s (-0.7%) 1.008s (~) 0.513s 90 1.05x
🌐 Redis Next.js (Turbopack) 1.244s 2.006s 0.762s 45 2.65x
💻 Local Nitro 2.450s (-3.2%) 3.009s (~) 0.559s 30 5.22x
💻 Local Express 2.560s (~) 3.009s (~) 0.448s 30 5.45x
💻 Local Next.js (Turbopack) 2.612s 3.009s 0.397s 30 5.56x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World Framework Workflow Time Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
▲ Vercel 🥇 Express 2.670s (-24.7% 🟢) 4.246s (-20.4% 🟢) 1.576s 22 1.00x
▲ Vercel Next.js (Turbopack) 3.682s (-18.9% 🟢) 5.352s (-12.4% 🟢) 1.670s 17 1.38x
▲ Vercel Nitro ⚠️ missing - - - -

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 50 concurrent data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World Framework Workflow Time Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres 🥇 Next.js (Turbopack) 0.744s 1.015s 0.271s 119 1.00x
🐘 Postgres Nitro 0.770s (~) 1.008s (~) 0.238s 120 1.03x
🐘 Postgres Express 0.783s (-1.1%) 1.009s (~) 0.225s 119 1.05x
🌐 Redis Next.js (Turbopack) 2.831s 3.136s 0.305s 39 3.80x
💻 Local Next.js (Turbopack) 10.931s 11.391s 0.460s 11 14.68x
💻 Local Nitro 11.057s (-2.6%) 11.482s (-3.8%) 0.425s 11 14.85x
💻 Local Express 11.257s (~) 11.756s (-1.5%) 0.498s 11 15.12x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World Framework Workflow Time Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
▲ Vercel 🥇 Express 7.626s (-7.6% 🟢) 9.342s (-4.6%) 1.717s 13 1.00x
▲ Vercel Next.js (Turbopack) 90.118s (+988.5% 🔺) 91.958s (+844.5% 🔺) 1.840s 6 11.82x
▲ Vercel Nitro ⚠️ missing - - - -

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

Stream Benchmarks (includes TTFB metrics)
workflow with stream

💻 Local Development

World Framework Workflow Time TTFB Slurp Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
💻 Local 🥇 Next.js (Turbopack) 0.171s 1.002s 0.013s 1.018s 0.847s 10 1.00x
🌐 Redis Next.js (Turbopack) 0.190s 1.001s 0.002s 1.008s 0.818s 10 1.11x
🐘 Postgres Next.js (Turbopack) 0.193s 1.001s 0.002s 1.010s 0.817s 10 1.13x
🐘 Postgres Express 0.202s (-0.9%) 0.995s (~) 0.002s (+28.6% 🔺) 1.009s (~) 0.807s 10 1.18x
💻 Local Express 0.205s (+0.8%) 1.003s (~) 0.011s (-8.3% 🟢) 1.017s (~) 0.812s 10 1.20x
💻 Local Nitro 0.209s (-4.2%) 1.003s (~) 0.012s (+6.3% 🔺) 1.018s (~) 0.809s 10 1.22x
🐘 Postgres Nitro 0.211s (+1.1%) 0.992s (~) 0.001s (-13.3% 🟢) 1.010s (~) 0.799s 10 1.23x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World Framework Workflow Time TTFB Slurp Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
▲ Vercel 🥇 Express 1.775s (-3.5%) 2.987s (+1.0%) 0.499s (-15.2% 🟢) 4.122s (-2.9%) 2.347s 10 1.00x
▲ Vercel Next.js (Turbopack) 1.929s (-3.7%) 3.203s (+7.5% 🔺) 0.570s (-15.3% 🟢) 4.401s (+4.9%) 2.472s 10 1.09x
▲ Vercel Nitro ⚠️ missing - - - - -

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

stream pipeline with 5 transform steps (1MB)

💻 Local Development

World Framework Workflow Time TTFB Slurp Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
🌐 Redis 🥇 Next.js (Turbopack) 0.498s 1.001s 0.003s 1.012s 0.513s 60 1.00x
🐘 Postgres Nitro 0.589s (-2.5%) 1.001s (~) 0.004s (+1.3%) 1.022s (~) 0.433s 59 1.18x
🐘 Postgres Next.js (Turbopack) 0.596s 1.008s 0.007s 1.025s 0.429s 59 1.20x
🐘 Postgres Express 0.633s (+2.7%) 1.004s (~) 0.006s (+40.7% 🔺) 1.026s (~) 0.393s 59 1.27x
💻 Local Next.js (Turbopack) 0.656s 1.008s 0.008s 1.022s 0.365s 59 1.32x
💻 Local Nitro 0.725s (-4.6%) 1.010s (~) 0.009s (-5.3% 🟢) 1.023s (~) 0.298s 59 1.46x
💻 Local Express 0.736s (+1.7%) 1.011s (~) 0.009s (+8.1% 🔺) 1.024s (~) 0.288s 59 1.48x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World Framework Workflow Time TTFB Slurp Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
▲ Vercel 🥇 Express 4.268s (-1.0%) 5.366s (-1.9%) 0.211s (-8.7% 🟢) 6.147s (-4.9%) 1.879s 10 1.00x
▲ Vercel Next.js (Turbopack) 4.567s (-22.3% 🟢) 5.568s (-19.7% 🟢) 0.191s (-54.9% 🟢) 6.446s (-18.7% 🟢) 1.879s 10 1.07x
▲ Vercel Nitro ⚠️ missing - - - - -

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

10 parallel streams (1MB each)

💻 Local Development

World Framework Workflow Time TTFB Slurp Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
🌐 Redis 🥇 Next.js (Turbopack) 0.900s 1.017s 0.000s 1.021s 0.121s 59 1.00x
🐘 Postgres Next.js (Turbopack) 0.924s 1.155s 0.000s 1.163s 0.239s 52 1.03x
🐘 Postgres Nitro 0.928s (-4.9%) 1.084s (-6.9% 🟢) 0.000s (-5.5% 🟢) 1.099s (-7.4% 🟢) 0.171s 55 1.03x
🐘 Postgres Express 0.946s (-3.2%) 1.191s (-0.6%) 0.000s (+Infinity% 🔺) 1.204s (-2.6%) 0.259s 51 1.05x
💻 Local Nitro 1.266s (-2.3%) 2.021s (~) 0.001s (+36.4% 🔺) 2.024s (~) 0.758s 30 1.41x
💻 Local Next.js (Turbopack) 1.269s 2.021s 0.000s 2.025s 0.756s 30 1.41x
💻 Local Express 1.272s (+2.0%) 2.019s (~) 0.000s (-25.0% 🟢) 2.022s (~) 0.751s 30 1.41x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World Framework Workflow Time TTFB Slurp Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
▲ Vercel 🥇 Express 2.721s (-9.4% 🟢) 3.630s (-11.4% 🟢) 0.000s (-95.9% 🟢) 4.232s (-12.1% 🟢) 1.511s 15 1.00x
▲ Vercel Next.js (Turbopack) 3.141s (-3.7%) 4.418s (+7.1% 🔺) 0.000s (+Infinity% 🔺) 5.074s (+8.3% 🔺) 1.933s 12 1.15x
▲ Vercel Nitro ⚠️ missing - - - - -

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

fan-out fan-in 10 streams (1MB each)

💻 Local Development

World Framework Workflow Time TTFB Slurp Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
🌐 Redis 🥇 Next.js (Turbopack) 1.652s 2.035s 0.000s 2.040s 0.388s 30 1.00x
🐘 Postgres Nitro 1.732s (+1.0%) 2.102s (~) 0.000s (+3.6%) 2.145s (+1.5%) 0.413s 28 1.05x
🐘 Postgres Express 1.769s (+1.1%) 2.175s (+5.2% 🔺) 0.000s (+Infinity% 🔺) 2.205s (+4.8%) 0.435s 28 1.07x
🐘 Postgres Next.js (Turbopack) 1.786s 2.145s 0.000s 2.157s 0.371s 28 1.08x
💻 Local Nitro 3.590s (-3.9%) 4.100s (-3.2%) 0.001s (-9.1% 🟢) 4.104s (-3.2%) 0.514s 15 2.17x
💻 Local Next.js (Turbopack) 3.610s 4.098s 0.001s 4.103s 0.492s 15 2.19x
💻 Local Express 3.711s (+2.5%) 4.300s (+4.9%) 0.001s (+42.9% 🔺) 4.303s (+4.9%) 0.592s 15 2.25x

▲ Production (Vercel)

World Framework Workflow Time TTFB Slurp Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
▲ Vercel 🥇 Express 3.875s (+3.7%) 5.036s (~) 0.000s (-100.0% 🟢) 5.680s (+0.5%) 1.805s 11 1.00x
▲ Vercel Next.js (Turbopack) 5.862s (+11.2% 🔺) 7.131s (+14.6% 🔺) 0.000s (NaN%) 7.722s (+14.1% 🔺) 1.860s 8 1.51x
▲ Vercel Nitro ⚠️ missing - - - - -

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

Summary

Fastest Framework by World

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

World 🥇 Fastest Framework Wins
💻 Local Next.js (Turbopack) 14/21
🐘 Postgres Next.js (Turbopack) 15/21
▲ Vercel Express 17/21
Fastest World by Framework

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

Framework 🥇 Fastest World Wins
Express 🐘 Postgres 19/21
Next.js (Turbopack) 🌐 Redis 9/21
Nitro 🐘 Postgres 18/21
Column Definitions
  • Workflow Time: Runtime reported by workflow (completedAt - createdAt) - primary metric
  • TTFB: Time to First Byte - time from workflow start until first stream byte received (stream benchmarks only)
  • Slurp: Time from first byte to complete stream consumption (stream benchmarks only)
  • Wall Time: Total testbench time (trigger workflow + poll for result)
  • Overhead: Testbench overhead (Wall Time - Workflow Time)
  • Samples: Number of benchmark iterations run
  • vs Fastest: How much slower compared to the fastest configuration for this benchmark

Worlds:

  • 💻 Local: In-memory filesystem world (local development)
  • 🐘 Postgres: PostgreSQL database world (local development)
  • ▲ Vercel: Vercel production/preview deployment
  • 🌐 Turso: Community world (local development)
  • 🌐 MongoDB: Community world (local development)
  • 🌐 Redis: Community world (local development)
  • 🌐 Jazz: Community world (local development)

📋 View full workflow run

❌ Some benchmark jobs failed:

  • Local: success
  • Postgres: success
  • Vercel: failure

Check the workflow run for details.

@VaguelySerious VaguelySerious mentioned this pull request Apr 2, 2026
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@VaguelySerious @claude
fix(core): make step context AsyncLocalStorage a process-wide singleton
a7110de 
When bundlers (e.g. Vercel's production bundler) create multiple copies
of the context-storage module, two separate AsyncLocalStorage instances
are created. The step handler sets context on one instance, but
getWorkflowMetadata()/getStepMetadata() reads from the other, causing
the store to appear empty.

Fix by storing the AsyncLocalStorage instance on globalThis using
Symbol.for(), guaranteeing a single shared instance regardless of how
many times the module is loaded. This mirrors the pattern already used
by the workflow VM context (WORKFLOW_CONTEXT symbol).

Closes #1577

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.6 (1M context) <noreply@anthropic.com>
@VaguelySerious VaguelySerious marked this pull request as ready for review April 2, 2026 17:45
@VaguelySerious VaguelySerious requested a review from a team as a code owner April 2, 2026 17:45
karthikscale3
karthikscale3 reviewed Apr 2, 2026
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AI review: Approve — correct fix, follows the established Symbol.for() + globalThis singleton pattern already used in 11+ places across @workflow/core (symbols.ts, runtime/world.ts, get-workflow-metadata.ts). No regression risk — validated on all 11 Vercel preview deployments (868 passed, 0 new failures). Will let Pranay and Nate take a pass at this as well.

@pablodecm
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pablodecm commented Apr 3, 2026

Fix seems to work to fix #1577 in realistic/production like setting (after forcing vercel not to use build cache).

VaguelySerious
VaguelySerious commented Apr 3, 2026
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Comment thread .changeset/fix-step-context-singleton.md Outdated
Comment thread packages/core/src/step/context-storage.ts
@VaguelySerious
Apply suggestions from code review
c7b37f7 
Co-authored-by: Peter Wielander <mittgfu@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Peter Wielander <mittgfu@gmail.com>
@VaguelySerious VaguelySerious changed the title [core] Fix step context singleton for Vercel deployments [core] Enforce single ALS context to protect against duplicate module and caching issues Apr 3, 2026
@VaguelySerious VaguelySerious enabled auto-merge (squash) April 3, 2026 18:59
@VaguelySerious VaguelySerious changed the title [core] Enforce single ALS context to protect against duplicate module and caching issues [core] Enforce single module context to protect against duplicate module and caching issues Apr 3, 2026
@VaguelySerious VaguelySerious changed the title [core] Enforce single module context to protect against duplicate module and caching issues [core] Make stepContext a global singleton to protect against module duplication and caching issues Apr 3, 2026
TooTallNate
TooTallNate approved these changes Apr 3, 2026
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Clean, well-scoped fix. The Symbol.for() + globalThis singleton pattern is the standard approach for ensuring a single instance across duplicated modules, and it's implemented correctly here.

What I verified:

  1. Singleton pattern is correct — The ?? + assignment expression atomically checks-and-sets the global slot. Symbol.for('WORKFLOW_STEP_CONTEXT_STORAGE') guarantees the same symbol across module copies (unlike Symbol() which creates unique symbols).

  2. @__PURE__ correctly removed — The old /* @__PURE__ */ new AsyncLocalStorage() told tree-shakers the expression was side-effect-free. The new expression writes to globalThis, so removing it is correct.

  3. All 21 callers of contextStorage use .run() or .getStore() — none create their own instance. The fix ensures they all reference the same AsyncLocalStorage regardless of how many copies of the module exist.

  4. Extracted StepContext type — Good refactor. The inline type was getting unwieldy.

  5. Unit tests cover the three important properties: same instance across imports, stored on globalThis via Symbol.for(), and context propagation between separately-constructed references.

  6. E2e test directly reproduces the #1577 pattern — helper function at module scope calling getWorkflowMetadata()/getStepMetadata() outside the step body.

  7. Changeset is correctly patch and accurately describes the fix as defense-in-depth.

LGTM.

@VaguelySerious VaguelySerious merged commit d8aaf27 into main Apr 3, 2026
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@VaguelySerious VaguelySerious deleted the peter/issue-1577 branch April 3, 2026 20:47
@ghost ghost mentioned this pull request Apr 3, 2026
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Successfully merging this pull request may close these issues.

Vercel World Regression: getWorkflowMetadata() fully breaking runs AsyncLocalStorage context lost in tool execution (regression in beta.40)

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@VaguelySerious @pablodecm @TooTallNate @karthikscale3