[C++] Validate temporal data in ValidateArrayFull

[asfimport]

Some temporal data types have restrictions on range or precision of values. We should check for those restrictions in ValidateArrayFull.

Reporter: Antoine Pitrou / @pitrou
Assignee: Jabari Booker / @JabariBooker
Watchers: Rok Mihevc / @rok

Related issues:

• [C++] Validate that intraday time is zeroed out in Date64 data (is duplicated by)
• [C++][Python] Crashes and incorrect results when converting large integers to dates (is related to)
• [Rust] Validate temporal data that has restrictions (is related to)
• [Format] Clarify allowed values for time types (is related to)

PRs and other links:

• GitHub Pull Request #12014

_{Note: This issue was originally created as ARROW-10924. Please see the migration documentation for further details.}

[asfimport]

Antoine Pitrou / @pitrou:
@nirandaperera

[asfimport]

Krisztian Szucs / @kszucs:
Postponing to 8.0

[asfimport]

David Li / @lidavidm:
Issue resolved by pull request 12014
#12014