[Documentation] Documentation Improvements

[asfimport]

Parent ticket for general documentation improvement tasks

Reporter: Nicola Crane / @thisisnic

Subtasks:

• [R] Add examples to functions which don't have examples
• [R] Update arrow.Rmd vignette
• [R] Update install.Rmd vignette
• [R] Update dataset.Rmd vignette
• [R] Update fs.Rmd (Working with S3) vignette
• [R] Update python.Rmd vignette
• [R] Update flight.Rmd vignette
• [R] Update developing.Rmd vignette
• [R][Documentation] Document the process of creating R bindings for compute kernels and rationale behind conventions
• [R] Add our philosophy to the dev vignette
• [R][Docs] Add article on how to run R with C++ debugger to dev docs
• [R] Split dev docs into separate articles under developers menu
• [R] Add section to how to get output when things hang to debugger docs
• [Doc][Python] Make return types clickable

Related issues:

• [Doc][Python] make clean doesn't clean up "generated" documentation (is a parent of)
• [Python] [Doc] Make Python landing page less coupled to the rest of arrow documentation (is a parent of)
• [Doc] Make "Libraries" the entry point for the documentation (is a parent of)
• [Doc][Python] Ensure that ipc/io documentation uses context managers instead of manually closing streams (is a parent of)
• [Python][Doc] Make docstrings conform to same style (is a parent of)
• [Doc][Python] Make docs release match arrow releases (is a parent of)

_{Note: This issue was originally created as ARROW-13407. Please see the migration documentation for further details.}