[C++] Attach `arrow::ArrayStatistics` to `arrow::ArrayData`

[kou]

Describe the enhancement requested

This is another approach of GH-43666.

GH-41909 introduced arrow::ArrayStatitstics but it's not associated with arrow::Array.

This issue attaches arrow::ArrayStatistics to arrow::ArrayData.

There was a concern that associated arrow::ArrayStatistics may be outdated if arrow::ArrayData is mutated after attaching arrow::ArrayStatistics. But arrow::ArrayData isn't mutable after the first population. So arrow::ArrayStatistics will not be outdated. We can require mutators to take responsibility for statistics.

See also: Discussion at #43705 (comment)

Component(s)

C++

[kou]

Issue resolved by pull request 43801
#43801