GH-41427: [Go] Fix stateless prepared statements

[lidavidm]

Rationale for this change

Stateless prepared statements didn't actually work

What changes are included in this PR?

Update the handle after binding parameters

Are these changes tested?

Yes

Are there any user-facing changes?

No

• GitHub Issue: [Go][FlightRPC] Stateless prepared statements don't actually work #41427

[zeroshade]

LGTM

[conbench-apache-arrow]

After merging your PR, Conbench analyzed the 5 benchmarking runs that have been run so far on merge-commit d60ff53.

There were no benchmark performance regressions. 🎉

The full Conbench report has more details. It also includes information about 9 possible false positives for unstable benchmarks that are known to sometimes produce them.

[matthewmturner]

@lidavidm FYI we are still seeing having issues with stateless prepared statements from go. It seems to be working from a rust client but something going on with the deserialization of the handle where the data in handle is ending up unknown fields of DoPutPreparedStatementResult instead of prepared_statement_handle.

It's possible that the issue is actually on our side but given that the rust client worked without issue I'm inclined to think its on the go client side. I am looking into it, but wanted to raise it here as well.