GH-45572: [C++][Compute] Add rank_normal function

[pitrou]

Rationale for this change

Computing ranks as values of the "probit" function (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Probit), rather than quantiles between 0 and 1, can be useful for machine learning and other tasks.

What changes are included in this PR?

Add a "rank_normal" function that computes array ranks as points on the normal distribution.

It is similar to calling the "rank_quantile" function and then applying the normal percent-point function ("probit").

Are these changes tested?

Yes, by dedicated unit tests.

Are there any user-facing changes?

No, except a new compute function.

• GitHub Issue: [C++][Compute] Add gaussian/normal rank function #45572

[github-actions]

⚠️ GitHub issue #45572 has been automatically assigned in GitHub to PR creator.

[pitrou]

@zanmato1984 @WillAyd Does either of you want to take a look at this?

[pitrou]

@github-actions crossbow submit -g cpp

[github-actions]

Revision: 21315d9af15b2efb039a37e3d9f6fa84f22cfe27

Submitted crossbow builds: ursacomputing/crossbow @ actions-77243e4960

Task	Status
example-cpp-minimal-build-static
example-cpp-minimal-build-static-system-dependency
example-cpp-tutorial
test-alpine-linux-cpp
test-build-cpp-fuzz
test-conda-cpp
test-conda-cpp-meson
test-conda-cpp-valgrind
test-cuda-cpp-ubuntu-22.04-cuda-11.7.1
test-debian-12-cpp-amd64
test-debian-12-cpp-i386
test-fedora-39-cpp
test-ubuntu-22.04-cpp
test-ubuntu-22.04-cpp-20
test-ubuntu-22.04-cpp-bundled
test-ubuntu-22.04-cpp-emscripten
test-ubuntu-22.04-cpp-no-threading
test-ubuntu-24.04-cpp
test-ubuntu-24.04-cpp-bundled-offline
test-ubuntu-24.04-cpp-gcc-13-bundled
test-ubuntu-24.04-cpp-gcc-14
test-ubuntu-24.04-cpp-minimal-with-formats
test-ubuntu-24.04-cpp-thread-sanitizer

[zanmato1984]

LGTM

[conbench-apache-arrow]

After merging your PR, Conbench analyzed the 4 benchmarking runs that have been run so far on merge-commit f9283d0.

There were no benchmark performance regressions. 🎉

The full Conbench report has more details.