Use 'temurin' instead of 'adopt' and update to java 17

[andrerfcsantos]

The documentation for setup-java recommends moving away from 'adopt' which has been discontinued and to use 'temurin' instead:

NOTE: Adopt OpenJDK got moved to Eclipse Temurin and won't be updated anymore. It is highly recommended to migrate workflows from adopt to temurin to keep receiving software and security updates. See more details in the Good-bye AdoptOpenJDK post.
Source.

Summary of changes:

• Use 'temurin' instead of 'adopt'
• Update to Java 17, which is the version of java the test runner uses
• Convert action versions to SHAs

cc @exercism/reviewers @exercism/java