Use clang-14 for paritytech/base-ci-linux

[rcny]

We have linker failures in the Substrate CI most possibly related that clang-13 is too old for currently used Rust versions. This PR bumps clang from 13 to 14 for the base image and the dependent ci-linux image.

[altaua]

Hmm, several ci jobs had just failed due to transient network failures and I approved this pr before they'd all finished running again, but now it turns out several of them are actually legit failing, looks like some downloaded files are getting truncated

ci failing

[altaua]

Oh I see the *_VERSION flags aren't being passed in for some reason.

[altaua]

approving again, aiui now this is going to work when merged, it's just the *-pr jobs that don't set the *_VERSION variables

[alvicsam]

About CI - I added the jobs that work in PR recently, so there might be some bugs

[muharem]

we need this (:

[muharem]

@alvicsam nether it does not help, or my jobs running on the prev ci script version
https://gitlab.parity.io/parity/mirrors/substrate/-/jobs/2081682

[samelamin]

Same thing for me

https://gitlab.parity.io/parity/mirrors/substrate/-/jobs/2081326

[rcny]

We are unable to release the updated images due to the same linker error. Need more time to investigate, clang-14 didn't help.