*: add extended statistics doc and update related pages (#17339)

[ti-chi-bot]

This is an automated cherry-pick of #17339

What is changed, added or deleted? (Required)

• Adds a new doc named extended-statistics.md to align with the English version Introduction to Extended Statistics
• Updates affected pages related to statistics

Which TiDB version(s) do your changes apply to? (Required)

Tips for choosing the affected version(s):

By default, CHOOSE MASTER ONLY so your changes will be applied to the next TiDB major or minor releases. If your PR involves a product feature behavior change or a compatibility change, CHOOSE THE AFFECTED RELEASE BRANCH(ES) AND MASTER.

For details, see tips for choosing the affected versions (in Chinese).

• master (the latest development version)
• v8.1 (TiDB 8.1 versions)
• v8.0 (TiDB 8.0 versions)
• v7.6 (TiDB 7.6 versions)
• v7.5 (TiDB 7.5 versions)
• v7.1 (TiDB 7.1 versions)
• v6.5 (TiDB 6.5 versions)
• v6.1 (TiDB 6.1 versions)
• v5.4 (TiDB 5.4 versions)
• v5.3 (TiDB 5.3 versions)
• v5.2 (TiDB 5.2 versions)
• v5.1 (TiDB 5.1 versions)

What is the related PR or file link(s)?

• This PR is translated from:
  • https://docs.pingcap.com/tidb/dev/extended-statistics
  • statistics: add some doc for the exp feature docs#9891
• Other reference link(s): add extended statistics doc #11384

Do your changes match any of the following descriptions?

• Delete files
• Change aliases
• Need modification after applied to another branch
• Might cause conflicts after applied to another branch

[lilin90]

/approve

[ti-chi-bot]

[APPROVALNOTIFIER] This PR is APPROVED

This pull-request has been approved by: lilin90

The full list of commands accepted by this bot can be found here.

The pull request process is described here

Details

Needs approval from an approver in each of these files:

• OWNERS [lilin90]

Approvers can indicate their approval by writing /approve in a comment
Approvers can cancel approval by writing /approve cancel in a comment

[lilin90]

/test pull-verify