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docs: rename 'Complex Example' to 'Instance Methods as Steps'#1592

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TooTallNate merged 2 commits intomainfrom
docs/instance-methods-as-steps
Apr 2, 2026
Merged

docs: rename 'Complex Example' to 'Instance Methods as Steps'#1592
TooTallNate merged 2 commits intomainfrom
docs/instance-methods-as-steps

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Summary

  • Renames the "Complex Example" section in the serialization docs to "Instance Methods as Steps" to better reflect the purpose of the section
  • Reworks the introductory copy to lead with the practical motivation (classes with methods that need Node.js APIs, network calls, or database access) and the solution (adding "use step" to instance methods)

…alization guide

Rework the section title and introductory copy to better reflect
the purpose: making classes with Node.js APIs / side effects
workflow-compatible by adding "use step" to instance methods.
Copilot AI review requested due to automatic review settings April 2, 2026 16:45
@TooTallNate TooTallNate requested a review from a team as a code owner April 2, 2026 16:45
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📊 Benchmark Results

📈 Comparing against baseline from main branch. Green 🟢 = faster, Red 🔺 = slower.

workflow with no steps

💻 Local Development

World Framework Workflow Time Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
💻 Local 🥇 Nitro 0.044s (-1.4%) 1.006s (~) 0.962s 10 1.00x
💻 Local Express 0.046s (+2.9%) 1.006s (~) 0.960s 10 1.06x
🌐 Redis Next.js (Turbopack) 0.054s (+21.7% 🔺) 1.005s (~) 0.951s 10 1.23x
🐘 Postgres Express 0.060s (-13.7% 🟢) 1.012s (~) 0.952s 10 1.36x
🐘 Postgres Nitro 0.064s (-8.5% 🟢) 1.010s (~) 0.946s 10 1.46x
💻 Local Next.js (Turbopack) ⚠️ missing - - - -
🐘 Postgres Next.js (Turbopack) ⚠️ missing - - - -

▲ Production (Vercel)

World Framework Workflow Time Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
▲ Vercel 🥇 Nitro 0.476s (-9.3% 🟢) 2.610s (-5.0% 🟢) 2.135s 10 1.00x
▲ Vercel Express 0.492s (-2.3%) 2.560s (-4.9%) 2.068s 10 1.03x
▲ Vercel Next.js (Turbopack) ⚠️ missing - - - -

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express

workflow with 1 step

💻 Local Development

World Framework Workflow Time Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
🌐 Redis 🥇 Next.js (Turbopack) 1.121s (+0.8%) 2.006s (~) 0.885s 10 1.00x
💻 Local Express 1.133s (~) 2.006s (~) 0.873s 10 1.01x
💻 Local Nitro 1.138s (~) 2.005s (~) 0.868s 10 1.01x
🐘 Postgres Nitro 1.143s (-0.7%) 2.011s (~) 0.868s 10 1.02x
🐘 Postgres Express 1.145s (-0.6%) 2.010s (~) 0.866s 10 1.02x
💻 Local Next.js (Turbopack) ⚠️ missing - - - -
🐘 Postgres Next.js (Turbopack) ⚠️ missing - - - -

▲ Production (Vercel)

World Framework Workflow Time Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
▲ Vercel 🥇 Nitro 2.067s (-0.7%) 3.878s (-0.5%) 1.810s 10 1.00x
▲ Vercel Express 2.120s (-6.4% 🟢) 3.855s (-2.6%) 1.735s 10 1.03x
▲ Vercel Next.js (Turbopack) ⚠️ missing - - - -

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express

workflow with 10 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World Framework Workflow Time Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
🌐 Redis 🥇 Next.js (Turbopack) 10.757s (+1.6%) 11.023s (~) 0.266s 3 1.00x
💻 Local Nitro 10.926s (~) 11.023s (~) 0.098s 3 1.02x
🐘 Postgres Nitro 10.936s (~) 11.024s (~) 0.088s 3 1.02x
🐘 Postgres Express 10.941s (~) 11.020s (~) 0.079s 3 1.02x
💻 Local Express 11.003s (+0.7%) 11.359s (+3.0%) 0.356s 3 1.02x
💻 Local Next.js (Turbopack) ⚠️ missing - - - -
🐘 Postgres Next.js (Turbopack) ⚠️ missing - - - -

▲ Production (Vercel)

World Framework Workflow Time Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
▲ Vercel 🥇 Express 16.936s (-3.4%) 18.315s (-6.8% 🟢) 1.379s 2 1.00x
▲ Vercel Nitro 16.997s (-26.2% 🟢) 19.437s (-23.5% 🟢) 2.440s 2 1.00x
▲ Vercel Next.js (Turbopack) ⚠️ missing - - - -

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro

workflow with 25 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World Framework Workflow Time Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
🌐 Redis 🥇 Next.js (Turbopack) 14.281s (+2.9%) 15.029s (+5.6% 🔺) 0.748s 4 1.00x
🐘 Postgres Nitro 14.538s (~) 15.025s (~) 0.487s 4 1.02x
🐘 Postgres Express 14.626s (~) 15.027s (~) 0.401s 4 1.02x
💻 Local Nitro 15.018s (~) 15.781s (+5.0%) 0.763s 4 1.05x
💻 Local Express 15.133s (+1.2%) 16.033s (+6.7% 🔺) 0.900s 4 1.06x
💻 Local Next.js (Turbopack) ⚠️ missing - - - -
🐘 Postgres Next.js (Turbopack) ⚠️ missing - - - -

▲ Production (Vercel)

World Framework Workflow Time Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
▲ Vercel 🥇 Nitro 32.767s (+1.9%) 34.782s (+1.9%) 2.014s 2 1.00x
▲ Vercel Express 32.807s (-6.2% 🟢) 34.466s (-6.4% 🟢) 1.659s 2 1.00x
▲ Vercel Next.js (Turbopack) ⚠️ missing - - - -

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express

workflow with 50 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World Framework Workflow Time Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
🌐 Redis 🥇 Next.js (Turbopack) 13.458s (+6.7% 🔺) 14.027s (+7.7% 🔺) 0.568s 7 1.00x
🐘 Postgres Nitro 14.016s (-0.6%) 14.306s (-2.9%) 0.291s 7 1.04x
🐘 Postgres Express 14.068s (-2.3%) 14.594s (-2.9%) 0.527s 7 1.05x
💻 Local Nitro 16.728s (+1.1%) 17.032s (~) 0.304s 6 1.24x
💻 Local Express 17.123s (+3.0%) 17.867s (+4.9%) 0.743s 6 1.27x
💻 Local Next.js (Turbopack) ⚠️ missing - - - -
🐘 Postgres Next.js (Turbopack) ⚠️ missing - - - -

▲ Production (Vercel)

World Framework Workflow Time Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
▲ Vercel 🥇 Nitro 61.618s (+7.1% 🔺) 63.644s (+6.1% 🔺) 2.026s 2 1.00x
▲ Vercel Express 62.975s (+12.1% 🔺) 65.059s (+11.9% 🔺) 2.083s 2 1.02x
▲ Vercel Next.js (Turbopack) ⚠️ missing - - - -

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express

Promise.all with 10 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World Framework Workflow Time Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres 🥇 Nitro 1.253s (-0.7%) 2.012s (~) 0.758s 15 1.00x
🐘 Postgres Express 1.270s (~) 2.012s (~) 0.742s 15 1.01x
🌐 Redis Next.js (Turbopack) 1.325s (+8.2% 🔺) 2.007s (~) 0.682s 15 1.06x
💻 Local Nitro 1.559s (+1.7%) 2.007s (~) 0.448s 15 1.24x
💻 Local Express 1.569s (+1.9%) 2.006s (~) 0.438s 15 1.25x
💻 Local Next.js (Turbopack) ⚠️ missing - - - -
🐘 Postgres Next.js (Turbopack) ⚠️ missing - - - -

▲ Production (Vercel)

World Framework Workflow Time Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
▲ Vercel 🥇 Express 2.397s (-7.4% 🟢) 4.107s (-8.4% 🟢) 1.709s 8 1.00x
▲ Vercel Nitro 2.744s (+12.6% 🔺) 4.627s (+14.6% 🔺) 1.882s 7 1.14x
▲ Vercel Next.js (Turbopack) ⚠️ missing - - - -

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro

Promise.all with 25 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World Framework Workflow Time Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres 🥇 Nitro 2.315s (-1.4%) 3.009s (~) 0.694s 10 1.00x
🐘 Postgres Express 2.321s (-1.9%) 3.010s (~) 0.689s 10 1.00x
🌐 Redis Next.js (Turbopack) 2.537s (+5.4% 🔺) 3.008s (~) 0.471s 10 1.10x
💻 Local Express 3.038s (+3.8%) 3.886s (+29.2% 🔺) 0.848s 8 1.31x
💻 Local Nitro 3.240s (+9.3% 🔺) 3.886s (+12.5% 🔺) 0.645s 8 1.40x
💻 Local Next.js (Turbopack) ⚠️ missing - - - -
🐘 Postgres Next.js (Turbopack) ⚠️ missing - - - -

▲ Production (Vercel)

World Framework Workflow Time Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
▲ Vercel 🥇 Nitro 2.538s (-10.8% 🟢) 3.951s (-7.4% 🟢) 1.413s 8 1.00x
▲ Vercel Express 3.225s (+22.7% 🔺) 4.659s (+6.8% 🔺) 1.435s 7 1.27x
▲ Vercel Next.js (Turbopack) ⚠️ missing - - - -

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express

Promise.all with 50 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World Framework Workflow Time Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres 🥇 Nitro 3.473s (~) 4.014s (~) 0.541s 8 1.00x
🐘 Postgres Express 3.486s (~) 4.011s (~) 0.525s 8 1.00x
🌐 Redis Next.js (Turbopack) 4.216s (+7.9% 🔺) 4.725s (+14.3% 🔺) 0.510s 7 1.21x
💻 Local Nitro 8.321s (+3.5%) 9.024s (+5.9% 🔺) 0.703s 4 2.40x
💻 Local Express 8.834s (+8.3% 🔺) 9.274s (+2.8%) 0.440s 4 2.54x
💻 Local Next.js (Turbopack) ⚠️ missing - - - -
🐘 Postgres Next.js (Turbopack) ⚠️ missing - - - -

▲ Production (Vercel)

World Framework Workflow Time Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
▲ Vercel 🥇 Nitro 3.501s (+15.3% 🔺) 5.110s (+1.1%) 1.609s 6 1.00x
▲ Vercel Express 3.958s (+8.2% 🔺) 5.592s (-1.6%) 1.634s 6 1.13x
▲ Vercel Next.js (Turbopack) ⚠️ missing - - - -

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express

Promise.race with 10 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World Framework Workflow Time Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres 🥇 Nitro 1.258s (-0.8%) 2.009s (~) 0.751s 15 1.00x
🐘 Postgres Express 1.264s (+0.7%) 2.010s (~) 0.746s 15 1.00x
🌐 Redis Next.js (Turbopack) 1.315s (+6.7% 🔺) 2.006s (~) 0.691s 15 1.05x
💻 Local Express 1.569s (+0.8%) 2.007s (~) 0.438s 15 1.25x
💻 Local Nitro 1.575s (~) 2.006s (~) 0.431s 15 1.25x
💻 Local Next.js (Turbopack) ⚠️ missing - - - -
🐘 Postgres Next.js (Turbopack) ⚠️ missing - - - -

▲ Production (Vercel)

World Framework Workflow Time Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
▲ Vercel 🥇 Nitro 2.458s (~) 4.200s (+5.1% 🔺) 1.742s 8 1.00x
▲ Vercel Express 2.494s (+7.5% 🔺) 4.326s (+8.0% 🔺) 1.832s 8 1.01x
▲ Vercel Next.js (Turbopack) ⚠️ missing - - - -

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express

Promise.race with 25 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World Framework Workflow Time Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres 🥇 Nitro 2.340s (-0.7%) 3.010s (~) 0.670s 10 1.00x
🐘 Postgres Express 2.355s (+1.6%) 3.012s (~) 0.657s 10 1.01x
🌐 Redis Next.js (Turbopack) 2.555s (+5.8% 🔺) 3.008s (~) 0.453s 10 1.09x
💻 Local Nitro 2.994s (-1.8%) 3.762s (-3.2%) 0.768s 8 1.28x
💻 Local Express 3.170s (+1.5%) 4.010s (+3.1%) 0.840s 8 1.35x
💻 Local Next.js (Turbopack) ⚠️ missing - - - -
🐘 Postgres Next.js (Turbopack) ⚠️ missing - - - -

▲ Production (Vercel)

World Framework Workflow Time Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
▲ Vercel 🥇 Nitro 2.720s (-6.1% 🟢) 4.190s (-2.9%) 1.470s 8 1.00x
▲ Vercel Express 2.757s (-5.7% 🟢) 4.183s (-7.9% 🟢) 1.427s 8 1.01x
▲ Vercel Next.js (Turbopack) ⚠️ missing - - - -

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express

Promise.race with 50 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World Framework Workflow Time Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres 🥇 Nitro 3.472s (-0.7%) 4.011s (~) 0.539s 8 1.00x
🐘 Postgres Express 3.485s (~) 4.013s (~) 0.528s 8 1.00x
🌐 Redis Next.js (Turbopack) 4.113s (+5.0% 🔺) 4.868s (+9.7% 🔺) 0.756s 7 1.18x
💻 Local Nitro 8.820s (+2.3%) 9.277s (+2.8%) 0.456s 4 2.54x
💻 Local Express 9.394s (+6.1% 🔺) 9.774s (+5.4% 🔺) 0.380s 4 2.71x
💻 Local Next.js (Turbopack) ⚠️ missing - - - -
🐘 Postgres Next.js (Turbopack) ⚠️ missing - - - -

▲ Production (Vercel)

World Framework Workflow Time Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
▲ Vercel 🥇 Express 3.092s (+4.8%) 4.788s (+7.4% 🔺) 1.697s 7 1.00x
▲ Vercel Nitro 3.426s (+2.8%) 5.314s (+10.7% 🔺) 1.888s 6 1.11x
▲ Vercel Next.js (Turbopack) ⚠️ missing - - - -

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro

workflow with 10 sequential data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World Framework Workflow Time Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
🌐 Redis 🥇 Next.js (Turbopack) 0.696s (+21.5% 🔺) 1.004s (-1.6%) 0.308s 60 1.00x
🐘 Postgres Nitro 0.826s (-2.2%) 1.007s (~) 0.181s 60 1.19x
🐘 Postgres Express 0.832s (-1.2%) 1.007s (~) 0.176s 60 1.19x
💻 Local Nitro 1.016s (+2.8%) 1.544s (+30.7% 🔺) 0.528s 39 1.46x
💻 Local Express 1.020s (+3.8%) 1.627s (+37.8% 🔺) 0.607s 37 1.46x
💻 Local Next.js (Turbopack) ⚠️ missing - - - -
🐘 Postgres Next.js (Turbopack) ⚠️ missing - - - -

▲ Production (Vercel)

World Framework Workflow Time Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
▲ Vercel 🥇 Nitro 9.643s (-6.0% 🟢) 11.739s (-4.1%) 2.096s 6 1.00x
▲ Vercel Express 10.149s (+1.1%) 11.683s (-3.7%) 1.534s 6 1.05x
▲ Vercel Next.js (Turbopack) ⚠️ missing - - - -

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express

workflow with 25 sequential data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World Framework Workflow Time Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
🌐 Redis 🥇 Next.js (Turbopack) 1.697s (+31.0% 🔺) 2.028s (+1.1%) 0.331s 45 1.00x
🐘 Postgres Nitro 1.957s (-3.6%) 2.228s (-17.9% 🟢) 0.271s 41 1.15x
🐘 Postgres Express 2.034s (+0.7%) 2.657s (+0.7%) 0.623s 34 1.20x
💻 Local Nitro 3.022s (~) 3.586s (-0.6%) 0.564s 26 1.78x
💻 Local Express 3.105s (+2.4%) 4.010s (+11.8% 🔺) 0.905s 23 1.83x
💻 Local Next.js (Turbopack) ⚠️ missing - - - -
🐘 Postgres Next.js (Turbopack) ⚠️ missing - - - -

▲ Production (Vercel)

World Framework Workflow Time Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
▲ Vercel 🥇 Express 29.389s (-13.4% 🟢) 31.196s (-12.4% 🟢) 1.806s 3 1.00x
▲ Vercel Nitro 30.209s (-11.9% 🟢) 32.064s (-11.7% 🟢) 1.855s 3 1.03x
▲ Vercel Next.js (Turbopack) ⚠️ missing - - - -

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro

workflow with 50 sequential data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World Framework Workflow Time Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
🌐 Redis 🥇 Next.js (Turbopack) 3.380s (+29.0% 🔺) 4.009s (+31.1% 🔺) 0.628s 30 1.00x
🐘 Postgres Nitro 4.044s (-1.4%) 4.531s (-5.9% 🟢) 0.487s 27 1.20x
🐘 Postgres Express 4.102s (-0.5%) 4.781s (-1.5%) 0.678s 26 1.21x
💻 Local Nitro 9.188s (~) 9.864s (+0.8%) 0.677s 13 2.72x
💻 Local Express 9.451s (+2.7%) 10.019s (~) 0.568s 12 2.80x
💻 Local Next.js (Turbopack) ⚠️ missing - - - -
🐘 Postgres Next.js (Turbopack) ⚠️ missing - - - -

▲ Production (Vercel)

World Framework Workflow Time Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
▲ Vercel 🥇 Nitro 79.896s (-9.0% 🟢) 81.502s (-9.2% 🟢) 1.606s 2 1.00x
▲ Vercel Express 81.939s (-5.3% 🟢) 83.999s (-5.1% 🟢) 2.060s 2 1.03x
▲ Vercel Next.js (Turbopack) ⚠️ missing - - - -

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express

workflow with 10 concurrent data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World Framework Workflow Time Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres 🥇 Nitro 0.294s (~) 1.008s (~) 0.714s 60 1.00x
🐘 Postgres Express 0.301s (+1.6%) 1.009s (~) 0.708s 60 1.02x
🌐 Redis Next.js (Turbopack) 0.312s (+17.2% 🔺) 1.004s (~) 0.692s 60 1.06x
💻 Local Express 0.618s (+1.3%) 1.005s (-1.6%) 0.387s 60 2.10x
💻 Local Nitro 0.630s (+8.7% 🔺) 1.022s (+1.7%) 0.392s 59 2.14x
💻 Local Next.js (Turbopack) ⚠️ missing - - - -
🐘 Postgres Next.js (Turbopack) ⚠️ missing - - - -

▲ Production (Vercel)

World Framework Workflow Time Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
▲ Vercel 🥇 Nitro 2.036s (+20.6% 🔺) 3.570s (+5.1% 🔺) 1.534s 17 1.00x
▲ Vercel Express 2.124s (+21.9% 🔺) 3.763s (+13.5% 🔺) 1.639s 16 1.04x
▲ Vercel Next.js (Turbopack) ⚠️ missing - - - -

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express

workflow with 25 concurrent data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World Framework Workflow Time Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres 🥇 Nitro 0.509s (-1.3%) 1.008s (~) 0.499s 90 1.00x
🐘 Postgres Express 0.522s (~) 1.008s (~) 0.486s 90 1.03x
🌐 Redis Next.js (Turbopack) 1.161s (+7.5% 🔺) 2.006s (+7.7% 🔺) 0.845s 45 2.28x
💻 Local Nitro 2.592s (+1.5%) 3.010s (~) 0.418s 30 5.09x
💻 Local Express 2.654s (+4.8%) 3.010s (~) 0.356s 30 5.21x
💻 Local Next.js (Turbopack) ⚠️ missing - - - -
🐘 Postgres Next.js (Turbopack) ⚠️ missing - - - -

▲ Production (Vercel)

World Framework Workflow Time Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
▲ Vercel 🥇 Nitro 3.260s (-19.7% 🟢) 5.129s (-9.2% 🟢) 1.869s 18 1.00x
▲ Vercel Express 3.387s (+7.9% 🔺) 5.117s (+4.9%) 1.730s 18 1.04x
▲ Vercel Next.js (Turbopack) ⚠️ missing - - - -

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express

workflow with 50 concurrent data payload steps (10KB)

💻 Local Development

World Framework Workflow Time Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
🐘 Postgres 🥇 Nitro 0.792s (-1.3%) 1.009s (~) 0.217s 119 1.00x
🐘 Postgres Express 0.837s (+1.8%) 1.012s (~) 0.176s 119 1.06x
🌐 Redis Next.js (Turbopack) 2.740s (+5.6% 🔺) 3.007s (~) 0.267s 40 3.46x
💻 Local Nitro 11.278s (+0.9%) 11.939s (+1.6%) 0.661s 11 14.24x
💻 Local Express 11.603s (+3.1%) 12.231s (+3.2%) 0.628s 10 14.66x
💻 Local Next.js (Turbopack) ⚠️ missing - - - -
🐘 Postgres Next.js (Turbopack) ⚠️ missing - - - -

▲ Production (Vercel)

World Framework Workflow Time Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
▲ Vercel 🥇 Express 8.093s (+4.0%) 9.776s (+4.8%) 1.682s 13 1.00x
▲ Vercel Nitro 8.258s (~) 10.342s (+2.3%) 2.084s 12 1.02x
▲ Vercel Next.js (Turbopack) ⚠️ missing - - - -

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro

Stream Benchmarks (includes TTFB metrics)
workflow with stream

💻 Local Development

World Framework Workflow Time TTFB Slurp Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
🌐 Redis 🥇 Next.js (Turbopack) 0.180s (+27.7% 🔺) 1.001s (~) 0.002s (+23.1% 🔺) 1.008s (~) 0.828s 10 1.00x
🐘 Postgres Nitro 0.194s (-8.5% 🟢) 0.998s (~) 0.002s (+33.3% 🔺) 1.011s (~) 0.816s 10 1.08x
💻 Local Nitro 0.211s (+3.6%) 1.004s (~) 0.012s (+10.1% 🔺) 1.019s (~) 0.808s 10 1.17x
💻 Local Express 0.220s (+5.9% 🔺) 1.004s (~) 0.014s (+13.2% 🔺) 1.020s (~) 0.801s 10 1.22x
🐘 Postgres Express 0.225s (+2.1%) 0.995s (~) 0.001s (~) 1.012s (~) 0.786s 10 1.25x
💻 Local Next.js (Turbopack) ⚠️ missing - - - - -
🐘 Postgres Next.js (Turbopack) ⚠️ missing - - - - -

▲ Production (Vercel)

World Framework Workflow Time TTFB Slurp Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
▲ Vercel 🥇 Express 1.949s (+12.2% 🔺) 3.261s (+4.7%) 0.437s (-31.6% 🟢) 4.332s (-5.1% 🟢) 2.384s 10 1.00x
▲ Vercel Nitro 1.999s (+20.5% 🔺) 3.137s (+9.3% 🔺) 0.401s (-28.5% 🟢) 4.284s (+4.4%) 2.285s 10 1.03x
▲ Vercel Next.js (Turbopack) ⚠️ missing - - - - -

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro

stream pipeline with 5 transform steps (1MB)

💻 Local Development

World Framework Workflow Time TTFB Slurp Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
🌐 Redis 🥇 Next.js (Turbopack) 0.487s (+28.2% 🔺) 1.000s (~) 0.003s (-0.6%) 1.010s (~) 0.524s 60 1.00x
🐘 Postgres Nitro 0.614s (-1.5%) 1.003s (~) 0.004s (-4.5%) 1.023s (~) 0.409s 59 1.26x
🐘 Postgres Express 0.629s (+1.1%) 1.002s (~) 0.004s (+4.7%) 1.024s (~) 0.395s 59 1.29x
💻 Local Nitro 0.738s (+1.4%) 1.010s (~) 0.010s (+13.7% 🔺) 1.023s (~) 0.285s 59 1.52x
💻 Local Express 0.750s (+3.1%) 1.010s (~) 0.009s (+8.0% 🔺) 1.023s (~) 0.273s 59 1.54x
💻 Local Next.js (Turbopack) ⚠️ missing - - - - -
🐘 Postgres Next.js (Turbopack) ⚠️ missing - - - - -

▲ Production (Vercel)

World Framework Workflow Time TTFB Slurp Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
▲ Vercel 🥇 Nitro 4.489s (+8.6% 🔺) 5.985s (+12.3% 🔺) 0.189s (-19.9% 🟢) 6.775s (+7.9% 🔺) 2.287s 9 1.00x
▲ Vercel Express 4.577s (+8.6% 🔺) 5.966s (+8.6% 🔺) 0.235s (-52.4% 🟢) 6.895s (+4.0%) 2.318s 9 1.02x
▲ Vercel Next.js (Turbopack) ⚠️ missing - - - - -

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express

10 parallel streams (1MB each)

💻 Local Development

World Framework Workflow Time TTFB Slurp Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
🌐 Redis 🥇 Next.js (Turbopack) 0.902s (+7.3% 🔺) 1.016s (+1.7%) 0.000s (+52.5% 🔺) 1.021s (+1.7%) 0.119s 59 1.00x
🐘 Postgres Nitro 0.954s (-4.7%) 1.214s (-10.4% 🟢) 0.000s (-100.0% 🟢) 1.236s (-10.4% 🟢) 0.282s 49 1.06x
🐘 Postgres Express 0.968s (~) 1.270s (+3.8%) 0.000s (+206.4% 🔺) 1.286s (+2.7%) 0.318s 47 1.07x
💻 Local Nitro 1.274s (+2.1%) 2.022s (~) 0.000s (-27.3% 🟢) 2.024s (~) 0.751s 30 1.41x
💻 Local Express 1.316s (+5.9% 🔺) 2.023s (~) 0.000s (+28.6% 🔺) 2.026s (~) 0.710s 30 1.46x
💻 Local Next.js (Turbopack) ⚠️ missing - - - - -
🐘 Postgres Next.js (Turbopack) ⚠️ missing - - - - -

▲ Production (Vercel)

World Framework Workflow Time TTFB Slurp Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
▲ Vercel 🥇 Express 3.057s (-13.6% 🟢) 4.027s (-10.6% 🟢) 0.000s (-100.0% 🟢) 4.679s (-10.1% 🟢) 1.622s 13 1.00x
▲ Vercel Nitro 3.165s (-5.7% 🟢) 4.539s (+5.7% 🔺) 0.000s (+Infinity% 🔺) 5.168s (+3.3%) 2.004s 12 1.04x
▲ Vercel Next.js (Turbopack) ⚠️ missing - - - - -

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro

fan-out fan-in 10 streams (1MB each)

💻 Local Development

World Framework Workflow Time TTFB Slurp Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
🌐 Redis 🥇 Next.js (Turbopack) 1.633s (+5.3% 🔺) 2.035s (~) 0.000s (+200.0% 🔺) 2.039s (~) 0.406s 30 1.00x
🐘 Postgres Express 1.744s (-1.9%) 2.093s (-1.3%) 0.000s (NaN%) 2.133s (-1.5%) 0.389s 29 1.07x
🐘 Postgres Nitro 1.752s (-2.3%) 2.066s (-3.5%) 0.000s (-100.0% 🟢) 2.081s (-3.5%) 0.328s 29 1.07x
💻 Local Nitro 3.560s (-1.4%) 4.165s (+1.6%) 0.000s (-33.3% 🟢) 4.168s (+1.6%) 0.608s 15 2.18x
💻 Local Express 3.819s (+10.3% 🔺) 4.235s (+5.0% 🔺) 0.001s (-10.0% 🟢) 4.239s (+5.0% 🔺) 0.420s 15 2.34x
💻 Local Next.js (Turbopack) ⚠️ missing - - - - -
🐘 Postgres Next.js (Turbopack) ⚠️ missing - - - - -

▲ Production (Vercel)

World Framework Workflow Time TTFB Slurp Wall Time Overhead Samples vs Fastest
▲ Vercel 🥇 Nitro 3.755s (-18.3% 🟢) 4.818s (-14.3% 🟢) 0.000s (-100.0% 🟢) 5.509s (-12.6% 🟢) 1.754s 11 1.00x
▲ Vercel Express 4.548s (+3.3%) 5.563s (+1.1%) 0.000s (+Infinity% 🔺) 6.321s (+2.5%) 1.774s 10 1.21x
▲ Vercel Next.js (Turbopack) ⚠️ missing - - - - -

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express

Summary

Fastest Framework by World

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

World 🥇 Fastest Framework Wins
💻 Local Nitro 17/21
🐘 Postgres Nitro 19/21
▲ Vercel Nitro 14/21
Fastest World by Framework

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

Framework 🥇 Fastest World Wins
Express 🐘 Postgres 17/21
Next.js (Turbopack) 🌐 Redis 21/21
Nitro 🐘 Postgres 17/21
Column Definitions
  • Workflow Time: Runtime reported by workflow (completedAt - createdAt) - primary metric
  • TTFB: Time to First Byte - time from workflow start until first stream byte received (stream benchmarks only)
  • Slurp: Time from first byte to complete stream consumption (stream benchmarks only)
  • Wall Time: Total testbench time (trigger workflow + poll for result)
  • Overhead: Testbench overhead (Wall Time - Workflow Time)
  • Samples: Number of benchmark iterations run
  • vs Fastest: How much slower compared to the fastest configuration for this benchmark

Worlds:

  • 💻 Local: In-memory filesystem world (local development)
  • 🐘 Postgres: PostgreSQL database world (local development)
  • ▲ Vercel: Vercel production/preview deployment
  • 🌐 Turso: Community world (local development)
  • 🌐 MongoDB: Community world (local development)
  • 🌐 Redis: Community world (local development)
  • 🌐 Jazz: Community world (local development)

📋 View full workflow run


Some benchmark jobs failed:

  • Local: success
  • Postgres: success
  • Vercel: failure

Check the workflow run for details.

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⚠️ No Changeset found

Latest commit: 2e72ae4

Merging this PR will not cause a version bump for any packages. If these changes should not result in a new version, you're good to go. If these changes should result in a version bump, you need to add a changeset.

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github-actions Bot commented Apr 2, 2026

🧪 E2E Test Results

Some tests failed

Summary

Passed Failed Skipped Total
✅ ▲ Vercel Production 857 0 67 924
✅ 💻 Local Development 830 0 178 1008
✅ 📦 Local Production 830 0 178 1008
✅ 🐘 Local Postgres 830 0 178 1008
✅ 🪟 Windows 76 0 8 84
❌ 🌍 Community Worlds 132 60 24 216
✅ 📋 Other 210 0 42 252
Total 3765 60 675 4500

❌ Failed Tests

🌍 Community Worlds (60 failed)

mongodb (3 failed):

  • hookWorkflow is not resumable via public webhook endpoint | wrun_01KN7HVS13EAKG2GM0G15YEE2D
  • webhookWorkflow | wrun_01KN7HW27541X6RZHKX71DVVBQ
  • concurrent hook token conflict - two workflows cannot use the same hook token simultaneously | wrun_01KN7J47GFVP4FB9M3R9JYM9Y6

redis (2 failed):

  • hookWorkflow is not resumable via public webhook endpoint | wrun_01KN7HVS13EAKG2GM0G15YEE2D
  • concurrent hook token conflict - two workflows cannot use the same hook token simultaneously | wrun_01KN7J47GFVP4FB9M3R9JYM9Y6

turso (55 failed):

  • addTenWorkflow | wrun_01KN7HTJ0Q3YS6263C750HTCYS
  • addTenWorkflow | wrun_01KN7HTJ0Q3YS6263C750HTCYS
  • wellKnownAgentWorkflow (.well-known/agent) | wrun_01KN7HVC2SPSKCBEV0C2EYD5VW
  • should work with react rendering in step
  • promiseAllWorkflow | wrun_01KN7HTSG66646T4Z67GWG4QMH
  • promiseRaceWorkflow | wrun_01KN7HTY4WZ1VBFX2T3RY6R6Q0
  • promiseAnyWorkflow | wrun_01KN7HV0WGM7CCP2D74YAXXQ3V
  • importedStepOnlyWorkflow | wrun_01KN7HVS01NV79WCZRXP9ZGM5H
  • hookWorkflow | wrun_01KN7HVDKRKWBMQXJ7WETRFAG3
  • hookWorkflow is not resumable via public webhook endpoint | wrun_01KN7HVS13EAKG2GM0G15YEE2D
  • webhookWorkflow | wrun_01KN7HW27541X6RZHKX71DVVBQ
  • sleepingWorkflow | wrun_01KN7HW8NGXTN1F2V9273W8X2S
  • parallelSleepWorkflow | wrun_01KN7HWMS7CYMZBA1T72JW3CCG
  • nullByteWorkflow | wrun_01KN7HWSY43JBC2P23KE914J4W
  • workflowAndStepMetadataWorkflow | wrun_01KN7HWWM2FFRYAD3DWGDR3CR0
  • fetchWorkflow | wrun_01KN7HZVZVBE7YPZQKJGSGF2KQ
  • promiseRaceStressTestWorkflow | wrun_01KN7HZZNVX0S0MQE59AKQYZ4Q
  • error handling error propagation workflow errors nested function calls preserve message and stack trace
  • error handling error propagation workflow errors cross-file imports preserve message and stack trace
  • error handling error propagation step errors basic step error preserves message and stack trace
  • error handling error propagation step errors cross-file step error preserves message and function names in stack
  • error handling retry behavior regular Error retries until success
  • error handling retry behavior FatalError fails immediately without retries
  • error handling retry behavior RetryableError respects custom retryAfter delay
  • error handling retry behavior maxRetries=0 disables retries
  • error handling catchability FatalError can be caught and detected with FatalError.is()
  • error handling not registered WorkflowNotRegisteredError fails the run when workflow does not exist
  • error handling not registered StepNotRegisteredError fails the step but workflow can catch it
  • error handling not registered StepNotRegisteredError fails the run when not caught in workflow
  • hookCleanupTestWorkflow - hook token reuse after workflow completion | wrun_01KN7J3JPYFEGY2MT95ZCST6ND
  • concurrent hook token conflict - two workflows cannot use the same hook token simultaneously | wrun_01KN7J47GFVP4FB9M3R9JYM9Y6
  • hookDisposeTestWorkflow - hook token reuse after explicit disposal while workflow still running | wrun_01KN7J4ZQYMQDCMP3Z0RDW07VQ
  • stepFunctionPassingWorkflow - step function references can be passed as arguments (without closure vars) | wrun_01KN7J5P59EWXZV6VPYK24X1QJ
  • stepFunctionWithClosureWorkflow - step function with closure variables passed as argument | wrun_01KN7J5Z9V99TXTJ07TGP48VPP
  • closureVariableWorkflow - nested step functions with closure variables | wrun_01KN7J654SXVXQSQAACEFDAMYT
  • spawnWorkflowFromStepWorkflow - spawning a child workflow using start() inside a step | wrun_01KN7J67K066A6Q7MA39BQYT90
  • health check (queue-based) - workflow and step endpoints respond to health check messages
  • pathsAliasWorkflow - TypeScript path aliases resolve correctly | wrun_01KN7J6PAFMTBJZ4DPVN0QYW7V
  • Calculator.calculate - static workflow method using static step methods from another class | wrun_01KN7J6W1YBMN1C15P6H325K4H
  • AllInOneService.processNumber - static workflow method using sibling static step methods | wrun_01KN7J76BGKGXRYQS1A0FH2FBM
  • ChainableService.processWithThis - static step methods using this to reference the class | wrun_01KN7J7E7WJ5F9M4BYQPDB1RAC
  • thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply() | wrun_01KN7J7NFZTJEA0RMSHA8GTQ6H
  • customSerializationWorkflow - custom class serialization with WORKFLOW_SERIALIZE/WORKFLOW_DESERIALIZE | wrun_01KN7J7Y5Y8WBKPKTPV85D9EJA
  • instanceMethodStepWorkflow - instance methods with "use step" directive | wrun_01KN7J88FPWV1KXFF2RT1TKSNX
  • crossContextSerdeWorkflow - classes defined in step code are deserializable in workflow context | wrun_01KN7J8M93NC8D3PWF94M5JYWS
  • stepFunctionAsStartArgWorkflow - step function reference passed as start() argument | wrun_01KN7J8WPQD1H0CYJX6F554EW2
  • cancelRun - cancelling a running workflow | wrun_01KN7J93QBJ0NT3GJNR6AMPVPW
  • cancelRun via CLI - cancelling a running workflow | wrun_01KN7J9DAS1EP2HW9ERCXKZQ4X
  • pages router addTenWorkflow via pages router
  • pages router promiseAllWorkflow via pages router
  • pages router sleepingWorkflow via pages router
  • hookWithSleepWorkflow - hook payloads delivered correctly with concurrent sleep | wrun_01KN7J9SPK49V5PRMBY0ME32ZC
  • sleepInLoopWorkflow - sleep inside loop with steps actually delays each iteration | wrun_01KN7JAEFSPFF23TCCGKNK2D3N
  • sleepWithSequentialStepsWorkflow - sequential steps work with concurrent sleep (control) | wrun_01KN7JAS0E8DEWEPHPXT98ZFKF
  • importMetaUrlWorkflow - import.meta.url is available in step bundles | wrun_01KN7JB116XHYQE272AVCVAG8H

Details by Category

✅ ▲ Vercel Production
App Passed Failed Skipped
✅ astro 77 0 7
✅ example 77 0 7
✅ express 77 0 7
✅ fastify 77 0 7
✅ hono 77 0 7
✅ nextjs-turbopack 82 0 2
✅ nextjs-webpack 82 0 2
✅ nitro 77 0 7
✅ nuxt 77 0 7
✅ sveltekit 77 0 7
✅ vite 77 0 7
✅ 💻 Local Development
App Passed Failed Skipped
✅ astro-stable 70 0 14
✅ express-stable 70 0 14
✅ fastify-stable 70 0 14
✅ hono-stable 70 0 14
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary 59 0 25
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable 76 0 8
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary 59 0 25
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable 76 0 8
✅ nitro-stable 70 0 14
✅ nuxt-stable 70 0 14
✅ sveltekit-stable 70 0 14
✅ vite-stable 70 0 14
✅ 📦 Local Production
App Passed Failed Skipped
✅ astro-stable 70 0 14
✅ express-stable 70 0 14
✅ fastify-stable 70 0 14
✅ hono-stable 70 0 14
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary 59 0 25
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable 76 0 8
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary 59 0 25
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable 76 0 8
✅ nitro-stable 70 0 14
✅ nuxt-stable 70 0 14
✅ sveltekit-stable 70 0 14
✅ vite-stable 70 0 14
✅ 🐘 Local Postgres
App Passed Failed Skipped
✅ astro-stable 70 0 14
✅ express-stable 70 0 14
✅ fastify-stable 70 0 14
✅ hono-stable 70 0 14
✅ nextjs-turbopack-canary 59 0 25
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable 76 0 8
✅ nextjs-webpack-canary 59 0 25
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable 76 0 8
✅ nitro-stable 70 0 14
✅ nuxt-stable 70 0 14
✅ sveltekit-stable 70 0 14
✅ vite-stable 70 0 14
✅ 🪟 Windows
App Passed Failed Skipped
✅ nextjs-turbopack 76 0 8
❌ 🌍 Community Worlds
App Passed Failed Skipped
✅ mongodb-dev 5 0 0
❌ mongodb 56 3 8
✅ redis-dev 5 0 0
❌ redis 57 2 8
✅ turso-dev 5 0 0
❌ turso 4 55 8
✅ 📋 Other
App Passed Failed Skipped
✅ e2e-local-dev-nest-stable 70 0 14
✅ e2e-local-postgres-nest-stable 70 0 14
✅ e2e-local-prod-nest-stable 70 0 14

📋 View full workflow run

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Pull request overview

This PR updates the serialization documentation to better describe the pattern of running class instance methods as steps (via "use step") when those methods need non-workflow-safe capabilities like Node.js APIs, network calls, or database access.

Changes:

  • Renames the section heading from “Complex Example” to “Instance Methods as Steps”.
  • Reworks the section’s introductory text to emphasize practical motivation and the "use step" solution.

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Comment thread docs/content/docs/foundations/serialization.mdx
Make the callout explicitly name WORKFLOW_SERIALIZE and
WORKFLOW_DESERIALIZE so it doesn't read as a blanket restriction
on instance methods, which would contradict the 'Instance Methods
as Steps' section below.
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Pull request overview

Copilot reviewed 1 out of 1 changed files in this pull request and generated no new comments.


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@TooTallNate TooTallNate merged commit a3d7035 into main Apr 2, 2026
105 of 106 checks passed
@TooTallNate TooTallNate deleted the docs/instance-methods-as-steps branch April 2, 2026 17:04
pranaygp added a commit that referenced this pull request Apr 3, 2026
…1-refresh

* origin/main: (21 commits)
  Fix node-module-error plugin matching identifiers in multi-line comments (#1554)
  fix(swc-plugin): use binding name for class expression method registrations (#1599)
  fix(builders): override `sideEffects: false` for discovered workflow/step/serde entries (#1598)
  [world-vercel] align header names to `x-vercel-workflow-*` convention (#1602)
  [docs] Add vercel world consumer function security documentation (#1543)
  Make `start()` types `unknown` when `deploymentId` is provided (#1367)
  fix(next): stop force-setting WORKFLOW_PUBLIC_MANIFEST=1 during next dev (#1597)
  Version Packages (beta) (#1593)
  [docs] Tidy world API docs and document new stream helpers (#1581)
  Rename 'Workflow Development Kit' / 'DevKit' to 'Workflow SDK' (#1595)
  [world] Use zod/v4 in queue files to match @workflow/world schemas (#1588)
  [ai] Fix fatal stream errors surfacing as [object Object] (#1589)
  [web] Fix server crash on unmatched routes (#1590)
  docs: rename 'Complex Example' to 'Instance Methods as Steps' (#1592)
  Version Packages (beta) (#1563)
  [core] Extend flow route duration to "max" and fail runs where replay takes too long (#1567)
  fix: check target run capabilities before encrypting hook payloads (#1572)
  [core] Combine initial run fetch, event fetch, and run_started event creation (#1569)
  [docs] Split World API docs into sub-pages, update skill.md (#1457)
  [nitro] Preserve workflow step registration side effects (#1386)
  ...

# Conflicts:
#	skills/workflow/SKILL.md
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3 participants