[FLINK-11241][table] - Enhance TableEnvironment to connect to a catalog via descriptor

[EronWright]

What is the purpose of the change

Please see commits prefixed with FLINK-11241.

This PR builds on #7390 (catalog descriptor/factory), to provide a typed API on TableEnvironment for connecting to a catalog via descriptor. You may see this API in action in the below snippet (from this example):

// register the taxi data tables under the "nyc" schema
tEnv.connect(new TaxiData()
        .ridesFile(ridesFile)
        .faresFile(faresFile)
        .maxEventDelaySecs(maxEventDelay)
        .servingSpeedFactor(servingSpeedFactor))
        .registerExternalCatalog("nyc");

// query across registered tables
tEnv.sqlQuery("SELECT f.rideId, f.driverId, f.totalFare FROM nyc.TaxiRides r INNER JOIN nyc.TaxiFares f ON r.rideId = f.rideId");

Brief change log

• Added ConnectExternalCatalogDescriptor
• Extended TableEnvironment with new connect method for catalogs

Verifying this change

This change added tests and can be verified as follows:

• Added unit test ConnectExternalCatalogDescriptorTest for testing the new API

Does this pull request potentially affect one of the following parts:

• Dependencies (does it add or upgrade a dependency): no
• The public API, i.e., is any changed class annotated with @Public(Evolving): yes
• The serializers: no
• The runtime per-record code paths (performance sensitive): no
• Anything that affects deployment or recovery: JobManager (and its components), Checkpointing, Yarn/Mesos, ZooKeeper: no
• The S3 file system connector: no

Documentation

• Does this pull request introduce a new feature? yes
• If yes, how is the feature documented? JavaDocs

[EronWright]

@twalthr ping

[EronWright]

Am closing since I think catalog subsystem is going in a different direction.