Manual backport of "Easy go-jose updates"

[kpcraig]

This is the manually created version of #28146, because things are being a bit squirrely.

That PR itself stems from the main PR of: #28140

I left the following comment in the other thread:

In addition to the Okta issue, there are two remaining dependencies on old jose that are "stuck" - vault -> docker 25.0.6 -> containerd 1.7.12 -> jose 2.5.1, and vault -> vault-testing-stepwise -> docker 25.0.6 (see hashicorp/go-secure-stdlib#132)

Due to the linked issue, these are left for a future update (possibly along with the aforementioned Okta?)

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CI Results:
All Go tests succeeded! ✅

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Build Results:
All builds succeeded! ✅